"Steve Willner" <willner@cfa.harvard.edu> wrote in message
news:42110bf9$1@cfanews.cfa.harvard.edu...
> It's fun to consider new theories. Does your theory say the Universe was hotter and denser in the past or not? What abundances do you> derive for deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4, and how do those abundances change with time? How do you account for the quasar abundance peak at z=2? In your theory, does the stellar initial mass function change with time, and if so, how? As you can see, I'm searching for testable predictions of your theory and how those predictions differ from those of the standard Big Bang model.
"Paul Hollister" <Hollister@Origin-of-Universe.com> wrote in message news:d15obi$6sf$1@news-nth.ocn.ad.jp...
In addition to these 4 questions, Professor Willner sent a fifth question to me by e-mail: "I was trying to get a simple picture of what your model predicts at relatively recent times, say between redshift 1 and 0. I didn't find that easy to see from your answers."
These questions are in regard to the Ongoing "Big-Bang" Model for galaxy and universe evolution. The theory is based on a Gravity Implosion--Energy Explosion Model wherein the Quasar is the site of quark-gluon fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (baryonogenesis). In summary, as an overview, a Pre-Bang Universe composed of pre- and non-atomic particles (Dark Matter) gravitationally collapses into the supermassive "black hole" density of the quasar that reaches the threshold of quark-gluon fusion into hydrogen (baryonogenesis). From within the supermassive density of the quasar, an explosive output of proton-electron plasma (Ongoing “Big-Bang” origin of hydrogen in plasma form) is channeled into orbit as an accretion disk around the equatorial plane of the quasar, and the resulting electromagnetic force results in the cosmic plasma jets that jettison hydrogen (proton-electron plasma) into surrounding regional space. This ongoing flood of hydrogen into space around the quasar gradually gives rise to the Radio Galaxy. Nebula formation and gravitational collapse within the resulting hydrogen rich milieu leads to thermonuclear fusion and the first visible evidence of star formation as an active Blue Dwarf Galaxy. The continuous in-flood of hydrogen from the jets results in the gradual growth in size and stellar content of the Elliptical Galaxy (E0 - E8 growth and evolution of the elliptical galaxy from inside outward). Massive thermonuclear fusion within the quasar's accretion disk results in atomic nuclear fusion of atoms of higher atomic weight and formation of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the galaxy. Accumulation of atomic-molecular dust in rings results in the increasing ellipticity of the galaxy (E0 - E8), subsequent morphological formation of the disk (S0), and centrifugal distribution of the massively accumulating dust spills outward from the rings into bars and spiral arms that form the Spiral Galaxy (Sa - Sc). See Illustration of this Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution at http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution
Responses to Professor Willner's questions about this Ongoing "Big-Bang" Model are numbered in sequence 1 to 5:
1) Does your theory (Ongoing Big-Bang Model) say the Universe was hotter and denser in the past or not?
Formation of quark-gluon plasma and the threshold for quark-gluon particle fusion into baryons require the temperature and density conditions defined by the Standard Big Bang Model. As a particle-fusion process resulting in baryonogenesis, the temperature and density conditions of quark-gluon plasma that reaches the threshold of quark-gluon particle fusion into baryons in the Ongoing Big-Bang Model are the same as the quark-gluon particle fusion conditions of the Standard Big Bang Model. However, your question is asked from the perspective that the entire Universe began from a singular big bang (Standard Big Bang Model). Whereas the Standard Big Bang Model has the nucleosynthesis of all the hydrogen in the universe occurring within an extremely short period of time (within a few minutes!), the Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis of hydrogen within the supermassive density conditions of the quasar occurs as an ongoing process. This Ongoing Big-Bang particle fusion into hydrogen within the quasar is comparable on another scale of magnitude to the gradual thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in the stars. It is the thermal and density conditions within the star that reach the thermonuclear threshold of nuclear fusion. Likewise, on an astronomically larger scale of magnitude, it is the thermal and supermassive density conditions within the quasar that reach the threshold of quark-gluon particle fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (baryonogenesis). In conceptual terms, the following hyperlink contains testable predictions of the Ongoing Big-Bang Theory. In Chapter 10 -- Evidence of Ongoing Big-Bang in Center of Every Galaxy, section -- Is Galaxy Center a Big Bang or Black Hole? (page 111, CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/home/home-galaxy-center.htm) see the bivalve illustration of Star/Quasar and corresponding description to conceptually visualize how the quasar is the site of quark-gluon particle fusion into hydrogen and how this process results in the quasar's circumnuclear torus and cosmic plasma jets composed of proton-electron plasma. The following is a descriptive excerpt from the hyperlink:
“The Gravity Implosion---Energy Explosion Model integrates both sides ofthe process in each of these celestial orbs [Star and Quasar]. Using stellar evolution leading to thermonuclear fusion as a model, quasar evolution leading to thermo-particle fusion (Big-Bang) can be precisely formulated in theoretical terms. Quasar is formed from and composed of pre- and non-atomic particles within a Pre-Bang supermassive gravitational density. Quark-gluon fusion into the proton nucleus of hydrogen strong-force binds the particles into stable proton condition. This strong-force separation of particle (proton) and anti-particle (electron) creates an electromagnetic polarity that is the regional origin of electromagnetic force within the universe (in the form of an electron and proton, the subatomic elements of hydrogen). Within the supermassive density of quark-gluon plasma, hydrogen protons and their newly formed “anti-particle” electrons are propelled outward from the supermassive gravitational density conditions within the core of the quasar. At the surface of the quasar, the protons are channeled by gravitational force into orbit as a torus of proton-electron plasma whirling around the equatorial plane of the quasar. Massive electromagnetic force generated by the orbiting torus forms the cosmic plasma jets. Within the supermassive gravitational conditions of the torus orbiting around the equatorial plane of the quasar, accelerated nuclear fusion occurs that gives rise to the regional presence of atoms of higher and higher atomic weight, thereby accounting for the range of atomic elements evident around thequasar” [including deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4].
In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the “universe” is indeed regionally hotter and denser at the site of baryonogenesis, just as it is in the Standard Big Bang Model. However, the “Universe” as a whole was not uniformly hotter and denser in the past because baryonogenesis is occurring locally within each quasar, rather than simultaneously throughout the “Universe” as a whole at one brief point in cosmos history. A comparison of the Mass Density and Thermal Scale of the “Original Big Bang” and “Ongoing Big-Bang” formation of hydrogen is illustrated in Chapter 7, The Big Bang With A Cause: The Quasar!, hyperlink section Sparks, Stars and the Quasar (page 74, CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_7.htm). Quasar evolution is also conceptually illustrated in Chapter 7, hyperlink section Quasar Evolution (page 75, CD Edition).
Whereas the Standard Big Bang Model is a unicentric process wherein all the hydrogen in the entire universe was theoretically created within less than 3 MINUTES, the Ongoing Big-Bang Model is a multicentric “Big-Bang” process that occurs within each quasar, wherein hydrogen is locally massively produced and jettisoned into surrounding regional space. The timing and sequence of hydrogen evolution from plasma to ionic to atomic to molecular form are extremely important determinants for the timing and circumstances of stellar evolution. In the Standard Big Bang Model it is said to have taken about 300,000 years before the universe cooled sufficiently for hydrogen ions to combine with electrons to form atoms, and longer before hydrogen atoms assemble into hydrogen molecules that can gravitationally collapse within star forming nebulae. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the cooling process following baryonogenesis becomes a function of local distance in space from the hot finite supermassive density of the quasar, and the entire process of “Hydrogen Evolution” (regional transition from plasma to ionic to atomic to molecular form) is directly visible in clearly definable regions within the resulting radio galaxy. Rather than the totality of space throughout the universe simultaneously cooling over eons of cosmological time before hydrogen ions can assemble into neutral atoms and combine into hydrogen molecules that can gravitationally collapse into stars, the entire process of hydrogen and stellar evolution in the Ongoing Big-Bang Model are within the direct range and reach of scientific investigation, because the entire Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution is within reach of the Hubble Space Telescope deep fields!
If Big Bang nucleosynthesis is an ongoing process within the quasar (OngoingBig-Bang Model) rather than a singular event in universe history (StandardBig Bang Model), there would be ongoing Big-Bang fusion of quark-gluon plasma into protons and a galactic River-of-Hydrogen (proton-electron plasma) being jettisoned out of the supermassive “black hole”(gravitational density conditions) of the quasar, jetting and spreading ionic hydrogen and electrons into space, cooling in the distance into atomic and molecular hydrogen form, gathering into nebulae, giving birth to stars---which is exactly what we see occurring in the galaxies! This Ongoing Big-Bang Theory, which includes scientific definition of both Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe, can be simulated as a theoretical model if the dark matter of the universe is composed of pre- and non-atomic particles that have the capacity to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive gravitational density of the Quasar. The Ongoing Big-Bang is defined by the threshold of quark-gluon fusion into hydrogen. The pre- and non-atomic elements that precede the particle fusion of quark-gluon plasma into baryons comprise a Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that has the potential to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive density of the quasar. Whereas in the Standard Big Bang Model all pre- and non-atomic particles (including all the quarks and gluon that form the baryonic structure of every atomic nucleus in the entire physical universe!) are all said to have materialized within ONE SECOND (Particle Era of Standard Big Bang Model was from 10-10 to 1 second following the mathematical point of beginning of Big Bang) before being strong force fused into baryons, this Ongoing Big-Bang Model is based on the preexistence of a Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that is in evidence as dark matter throughout the surrounding coexisting Post-Bang Universe. The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) can be viewed as a direct manifestation of this Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles. In the Standard Big Bang Model, CMB is viewed as the lingering embers of a single hot big bang event that occurred 10 to 15 billion years ago. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, CMB is potentially a direct manifestation of the Pre-Bang Universe that contains the pre- and non-atomic particles of dark matter that have the capacity to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive “black hole”density of the quasar.
2) What abundances do you derive for deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4, and how do those abundances change with time?
Hydrogen accounts for 73 percent of the observed mass of the universe and is the most common element in the universe. Helium accounts for about 25 percent of the mass of the universe and is the second most common element. All mainstream sequence stars in the universe (Hertzsprung-Russell diagram) are predominantly composed of hydrogen. All newborn stars throughout the universe are ignited into visible existence by the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. Throughout much of their life span (mainstream sequence of stellar evolution), thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium continues to occur in the stars. In the Standard Big Bang Model, all the hydrogen and most of the deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 in the universe were created within 3 MINUTES following the mathematical point of beginning of Big Bang. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the nucleosynthesis of hydrogen is produced inside the supermassive thermal and gravitational density conditions of the quasar. This Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis of hydrogen results directly in the formation of the quasar’s circumnuclear torus and cosmic plasma jets of proton-electron plasma, as described under Question #1 above. The circumnuclear torus surrounding the quasar is composed of proton-electron plasma (hydrogen) under enormous temperature and gravitational density conditions that result in accelerated nuclear fusion of deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 and atomic elements that are in evidence immediately around the quasar and within the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the galaxy. The following hyperlink contains detailed description and testable predictions of this Ongoing Big-Bang process that results in atomic nucleosynthesis and AGN evolution: Chapter 12 -- Quasar and AGN Evolution, section -- Ongoing Big-Bang Alignment of Quasars and Circumnuclear AGNs (page 149, CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_12.htm).The following excerpt from the hyperlink describes how accelerated nuclear fusion immediately around the quasar forms atoms of higher atomic weight and gives rise to the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the galaxy:
“As the quasar matures, the environment around the quasar evolves from two separate but simultaneous and closely interrelated processes, each of which have their own unique regional rate of evolution: 1) The quasar’s radiojets account for the accumulative formation of the galaxy’s radio structure and hydrogen atmosphere that results in the starburst growth and evolution of the optical galaxy, as previously described, which accounts for the evolution of the elliptical galaxy. 2) The quasar’s plasma torus accounts for the evolution of the circumnuclear environment around the quasar, which over time evolves into the galaxy’s visible active galactic nucleus (AGN), which in turn accounts for the massive materialization of circumnuclear galaxy dust and morphological evolution of the spiral galaxy. The astronomical temperature conditions and massive amounts of hydrogen produced by the Big-Bang process of quark-gluon fusion within the quasar account for the sequential formation of the circumnuclear plasma torus and resulting materialization and fueling of the AGN. Within the thermonuclear inferno of the AGN is where the massive amounts of higher atomic-molecular weight dust is formed that is responsible for gradually reshaping the galaxy from spherical to elliptical to spiral form. Whereas the increasing volume and size of the elliptical stages of optical galaxy evolution are largely due to the radio jets and rain of hydrogenous matter throughout the space of the galaxy, the increasing ellipticity (E0-E7) of the galaxy and transformation from elliptical to spiral galaxy form (S0) and progressive increase in the total atomic-molecular dust and mass of the spiral stages (Sa-Sc) of galaxy evolution are primarily the result of events taking place in the circumnuclear AGN.”
I have stressed throughout the treatise that the quasar is the site of hydrogen nucleosynthesis because this is the key to recognizing that the galaxies have materialized and grown from inside outward into their range of visible morphologies (Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution). Whereas deuterium and helium can result from nuclear fusion within the circumnuclear region around the quasar, and within the AGN region, and within the stars, hydrogen nucleosynthesis can only occur within the quasar! This is the key by which I was able to define the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution: Quasars make hydrogen! From this perspective, the origin of the Intergalactic Medium and the Lyman alpha forest can be looked at in a new light. (To avoid any misunderstanding or confusion about what constitutes the Standard Big Bang Model perspective see Professor Bill Keel’s excellent essay about Quasars, AGN and Lyman Alpha Forest at http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/agn/).
Within the Intergalactic Medium, from Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, all hydrogen can be traced directly to Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis within the quasar. Accelerated nuclear fusion of deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 can occur in the circumnuclear region around the quasar and AGN region of the galaxy. The presence of ionized helium (He II) within the Lyman alpha forest can be the result of intragalactic nuclear fusion or the result of helium being carried outward as a minor component of the jets. The process of baryonogenesis within the quasar and nuclear fusion within its circumnuclear torus occurs in sequence from quark-gluon plasma to hydrogen to deuterium to helium-3 to helium-4. Whether or not a fractional portion of helium can be jettisoned into intergalactic space rather than confined to the circumnuclear torus and AGN region would depend in part on where deuterium and helium nucleosynthesis begins in relationship to the formation of the quasar’s circumnuclear torus and plasma jets. If helium nucleosynthesis begins to occur after the formation of the plasma jets, there should be no significant levels of intergalactic He II. If helium nucleosynthesis begins to occur within the circumnuclear torus, intergalactic jettison of He would be potentially possible. If helium nucleosynthesis begins to occur proximal to the formation of the circumnuclear torus, more He could be jettisoned into intergalactic space.
3) How do you account for the quasar abundance peak at z=2?
From Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, two factors account for the quasar abundance peak at redshift z=2: first, space-time look-back reveals universe conditions at prior eras of time within the surrounding universe; second, local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe define the site of quasar formation. Although the speed of light dependably measures and demarcates distance in space-time terms, it does not need to be assumed that the population density of quasars and galaxy types observed in distant space have evolutionarily given rise directly to the galaxy populations within local regional space. I have shown how each quasar initiates the Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution within its own respective regional space, which is illustrated and described at http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution (click hyperlink for concise description of the process).
Each quasar within the quasar abundance peak at z=2 initiates this Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution locally within its own regional space. As the quasar is the site of quark-gluon fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (Ongoing “Big-Bang” in the hyperlink illustration), the location of each quasar physically and geometrically demarcates the relationship between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe in space. The quasar abundance peak at redshift z=2 is the result of regional gravitational events within the Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that give rise to the supermassive “black hole” density of the quasar. When looked at from a Locus of Vision on Planet Earth, the time required for light to travel from those quasars reveal the regional history of universe evolution at z=2. Reciprocally, from Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, if our Locus of Vision was situated at redshift z=2 looking back toward Planet Earth, we would be seeing the region of the Milky Way Galaxy and Virgo Cluster at a prior era of regional universe history, long before our planet was born.
In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the quasar abundance at z=2 is the result of local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe. Local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles gravitationally give rise to the supermassive density of the quasar that reaches the particle-fusion threshold of its visible “Big-Bang”. The location of quasars and their active jets make it possible to demarcate and precisely map the relationship between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe in space. The supermassive “black hole” density of the quasar is formed by gravitational collapse of pre- and non-atomic particles of dark matter within a Pre-Bang Universe. The site of gravitational collapse is thereby a function of conditions within the coexisting Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles. The quasar as a result is a physical point of interface between the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe. The Large Scale Structure of Universe is characterized by a cell-like pattern consisting of superclusters of galaxies surrounding large voids of space. By correlating the distribution of quasars and their jets with the morphological characteristics of the Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution, I was able to recognize a “Unit of Universe”pattern within the surrounding Large Scale Structure of Universe that potentially integrates the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe as a unified system on a large scale. Chapter 17, Representative Sample of Cosmos and Universe (pages 193-201, CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_17.htm) illustrates the relationship of the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe within the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. The illustrated “Unit of Universe” pattern in 4-spatial dimensions shows how the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe can both be mapped in space as a structural and functional unit that is within direct scientific reach in the surrounding Large Scale Structure of Universe.
Chapter 18, Large Scale Unified Structure of Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes describes a methodology for scientifically investigating the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe as a unified system.
4) In your theory (Ongoing Big-Bang Model), does the stellar initial mass function change with time, and if so, how?
If you take a few moments to model in your mind what the universe would look like if the quasar is the site of Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis and jettison of hydrogen, the resulting process of stellar evolution unfolds into the morphological pattern of galaxies we see in the surrounding universe. To visualize this, however, you must realize that the galaxy materializes and grows from inside outward into its sequence of morphological changes, which progress from Quasar jettison of hydrogen to Radio Galaxy reflection of massive hydrogen content to optically enlarging Elliptical Galaxy resulting from stellar evolution to centrifugal molding of Spiral Galaxy as a result of growing atomic molecular amassment within its disk and spiral arms. Hydrogen is continuously jettisoned and floods into surrounding space from the Ongoing Big-Bang process in the Quasar. The expanding hydrogen atmosphere flooding into space from the jets regionally evolves from plasma to ionic (H+) to atomic (H0) to molecular (H2) hydrogen nebular form in the cooler regions surrounding the quasar at galaxy center, producing the optically quiet pre-stellar radio-loud galaxy (Radio Galaxy). Optical appearance of starburst activity begins at galaxy center and in the hydrogen rich atmospheres streaming into orbit from the plumes of plasma jets that extend thousands of light-years into space, giving optical birth to the irregular, blue dwarf galaxy (Irregular Blue Galaxy). Globular clusters of first generation stars (Metal-Poor Population II Stars) continuously form in the dense hydrogen atmosphere and spread into orbit around gravity-center main, and the galaxy gradually transforms from irregular blue optical appearance into a homogeneous galaxy filled with globular clusters of stars (Elliptical Galaxy). Continuous in-flooding of hydrogen from the ongoing Big-Bang process and its visible jets causes the elliptical galaxy to grow in size from small elliptical (E1) to medium elliptical (E3) to large elliptical galaxy (E7). Stellar evolution within the enlarging elliptical galaxy causes its characteristic transformation from young blue star composition to old red star content as the galaxy grows in size and age. Active galactic nucleus stage of galaxy evolution begins with the appearance of massive star birth growth and evolution occurring in the vigorous central region around the quasar (AGN, Active Galactic Nucleus). Stellar evolution and supernova explosions within the active galactic nucleus region of the galaxy result in sequential nuclear fusion of atoms of higher atomic weight and their regional distribution within galaxy space. As the generations of metal-poor Population II stars pass through their lifecycle from Hertzsprung-Russell mainstream sequence stars to hydrogen-core depleted red giants to supernova explosions, and as the interstellar space within the galaxy becomes increasingly filled with the atomic products of thermonuclear fusion, interstellar dust begins to form in the center of the galaxy that contains atoms of higher atomic mass, and metal-rich stars (Population I Stars) begin to be formed in the resulting metal-rich clouds of dust. This ongoing sequence accounts for why the central bulge of galaxies at maturity contains both Population I and Population II stars. The metal-poor Population II stars are continuously produced from the ongoing Big-Bang production of hydrogen and metal-rich Population I stars are continuously produced by stellar evolution, and this entire process and sequence of atomic and stellar co-evolution is occurring within the space of the galaxy. Vigorous AGN activity results in the production of immense amounts of intragalactic dust that accumulates in the circumnuclear region of the galaxy. The increasing amounts of dust progressively masks the brightness of the quasar at galaxy center until it can no longer be directly seen at optical wavelengths, but the presence of the quasar’s enormous gravitational force (“Supermassive Black Hole”) remains evident and its explosive jets remain clearly visible throughout the elliptical stage of galaxy growth and evolution. As intragalactic atomic-molecular dust continues to form and accumulate within the active galactic nuclear region of the galaxy, visible rings of atomic-molecular dust appear and begin to spread centrifugally outward into a plane perpendicular to the galaxy’s axis of spin, which gradually transforms the shape of the galaxy from spherical (E0) to elliptical (E1 - E7) to early spiral form (S0). Within the AGN region at galaxy center, the atoms assemble into molecules; the molecules amass into visible rings of intragalactic dust, and the growing amassment of visible galaxy dust accounts for the remolding of the shape of the galaxy. As atomic-molecular amassment of dust continues to accumulate, the visible rings of dust become denser and centrifugally spill outward into bars and growing spiral arms (Sa stage of spiral galaxy evolution). As the maturing spiral galaxy is in effect a centrifuge that concentrates the metal-rich atomic-molecular clouds of dust in the galactic plane, this accounts for why the disk of the spiral galaxy contains only metal-rich Population I stars. As the disk of the spiral galaxy grows in size, the recycling lifecycles of metal-poor Population II stars within the halo region gradually become incorporated into the growing spiral disk and the spiral bulge gradually decreases in size (Sb and Sc stages of spiral galaxy evolution). The bulge and halo of globular clusters of stars in every spiral galaxy are the remnant of the elliptical galaxy that gradually reformed into the spiral disk, which accounts for why the globular clusters of stars in the halo of spiral galaxies are composed of metal-poor Population II stars.
5) I was trying to get a simple picture of what your model (Ongoing Big-Bang Model) predicts at relatively recent times, say between redshift 1 and 0. I didn't find that easy to see from your answers.
(For orientation, Chapter 16 -- Un-blinding the 4th Spatial Dimension Inside, Outside and All Around (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_16.htm) has a simple conceptual diagram of the surrounding visible universe in 4 spatial dimensions that corresponds to redshift distance scales. CD Edition page 190)
The Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution illustrated at http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution occurs within each redshift region of the surrounding visible universe. Chapter 10 -- Evidence of Ongoing Big-Bang in Center of Every Active Galaxy (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_10.htm) shows how Galaxy M87 in the Virgo cluster exemplifies the elliptical stage of galaxy evolution within this mainstream sequence and how its cosmic plasma jet is flooding surrounding regional space with massive amounts of newly formed hydrogen. Chapter 13 -- Galaxy Evolution From Ellipse to Spiral (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_13.htm) describes in detail and illustrates through evidence exactly how the elliptical galaxy evolves and physically transforms into spiral galaxy morphologically within the surrounding visible universe. As shown in the following excerpt from Chapter 18 -- Large Scale Unified Structure of Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_18.htm), CD Edition pages 208 - 210, two well known galaxy clusters -- the Virgo cluster and Coma cluster -- show the relationship of the mainstream sequence of galaxy growth and evolution to supercluster formation and large scale structure within our local regional universe:
“According to this ongoing Big-Bang theory, galaxies grow from inside outward and the mainstream lifecycle of galaxy evolution invariably progresses from elliptical to spiral. Consequently, elliptical galaxies are newer and younger and spiral galaxies are always older. This is crucially important to realize because elliptical and spiral galaxy age is exactly opposite to the view held by the original Big Bang theory. The rectification of that misunderstanding about galaxy age is an evolutionary paradigm shift that gives us the means to unfold the process and sequence of galaxy evolution and supercluster formation, by which in turn we can accurately define the relationship in space between the Post-Bang and Pre-Bang Universes. Two well known galaxy clusters -- the Virgo cluster and Coma cluster -- exemplify the relationship of galaxy growth and evolution to supercluster formation and structure and demonstrate the relationship of the Post-Bang Universe to the Pre-Bang Universe in nearby space.
The Virgo cluster is the largest cluster of galaxies within 100 million light-years from Earth and contains galaxies of many types including spirals, ellipticals and irregular galaxies. Galaxy counts have shown that the Virgo cluster contains between 100 and 200 large galaxies and about 1000 dwarf galaxies. Morphological analysis of 200 bright galaxies in the Virgo cluster showed that 68% are spiral galaxies, 19% are elliptical galaxies and the rest are irregulars or unclassified. The giant elliptical galaxy M87 with its gigantic radio jet and radio structure is located at the core of the Virgo cluster.
Just a few hundred million light-years further from Earth in the direction of the constellation Coma, about 7 times further from Earth than the Virgo cluster, the Coma cluster is one of the densest clusters known and contains thousands of galaxies. This cluster is so big that it takes light millions of years to go from one side to the other. The Coma cluster is a prototypical rich cluster that is populated overwhelmingly by elliptical and S0 galaxies with only a few spirals near the outskirts of the cluster. In contrast to the Virgo cluster, 85% of the galaxy population in the Coma cluster consists of elliptical and S0 galaxies. The Coma cluster is uniquely characterized by the presence of an immense cluster-wide radio halo, the enormous size of which was found to be rare.
With a single Big Bang origin of the universe, all the galaxies and clusters had to be formed from the single pool of matter that was produced and dispersed by the single Big Bang, so the galaxies and superclusters had to collapse and collide into their present forms. By contrast, with the Post-Bang Universe having evolved at multicentric points of origin through astronomical numbers of widely distributed supermassive densities containing ongoing Big-Bangs [Quasars!], the process of evolution looks radically different because the galaxies and superclusters have all grown regionally from inside outward into their present form. Consequently, the lifecycle of individual galaxy growth and evolution defines galaxy age. As spiral galaxies evolve from elliptical galaxies, the elliptical galaxies are therefore younger and more recently formed. From this frame of reference, within the nearby universe neighborhood, the Coma cluster is as a whole much younger than the Virgo cluster because of the overwhelming predominance of elliptical and S0 galaxies and the paucity of spirals. As galaxies and clusters grow from inside outward, it is noteworthy and very significant that the older spiral galaxies are on the outskirts of the Coma cluster, because this appears to be a consistent pattern in clusters and is evidence of the direction of cluster growth in space. Furthermore, the cluster-wide radio halo in the Coma cluster is evidence for widespread production of radio-loud hydrogen within this region, which as we have seen is produced by the radio jets of quasars and active galactic nuclei. This radio halo is the result of, and a cumulative measure of, the degree of ongoing Big-Bang activity within the cluster, which according to this theory is also a reflection and indication of relatively recent activity within the Pre-Bang Universe in this region.
The Virgo cluster as a whole is older because the largest percentage of its galaxies are spiral. However, in the center of the cluster is galaxy M87, which as we have seen is very active with a giant optical and radio jet that is producing an enormous extragalactic cloud of radio structure at cluster center. In 1966 the first detection of an X-ray source associated with a cluster of galaxies was detected in galaxy M87, the central giant elliptical galaxy of the Virgo cluster, which led astrophysicists to the realization that many extragalactic X-ray sources are associated with clusters of galaxies. Now it is clear that most, if not all, rich clusters populated by elliptical and S0 galaxies include an X-ray emission region of large size. These radio and X-ray jets and the clouds of radio structure they form have been clearly shown to be expanding and growing from point sources rather than collapsing into point sources. The outward direction of all this evidence shows that the galaxies are not collapsing into existence from spacefulls of preformed hydrogen and helium produced 20 billion years before by a single Big Bang that occurred 20 billion light-years away. Galaxies are visibly materializing and expanding from point sources before our eyes, and these point-sources are the most extraordinary supermassive densities associated with the most powerful and copious jets of radio and X-ray substance in the visible physical universe. Although proportionately fewer in number, the presence of elliptical galaxies in the center of the Virgo cluster has great significance because this too appears to be a pattern of distribution seen in spiral clusters. Despite the Virgo cluster being older by the predominate presence of spiral galaxies, the characteristic jet activity in the elliptical galaxy at cluster center is evidence of active interface with the Pre-Bang Universe, and indicates that the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution occurs from inside outward within clusters as a whole.
Before defining the method of mapping the Unit of Universe grid, one further point needs to be clarified about galaxy morphology relative to galaxy and supercluster evolution: Dwarf galaxies are the most common galaxy in the universe. However, not all dwarf galaxies are the same! The designation “dwarf galaxy” simply means small and does not group galaxies functionally according to the mechanism of their formation. Yet understanding the mechanism of their formation is essential in order to map the superclusters according to the sequence of galaxy evolution, which in turn is essential in order to map the development of the supermassive “black hole” densities and twin-lobed jets that pinpoint and regionally define the relationship of the Post-Bang to Pre-Bang Universe. The term “dwarf galaxy” is a heterogeneous grouping that includes galaxies that are formed at early and late stages of the systematic sequence of galaxy evolution. The natural sequence of optical galaxy evolution progresses from Quasar to Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxy to Elliptical Galaxy to Spiral Galaxy. All of these stages of galaxy formation have a supermassive “black hole” density at their center and grow and evolve from Big-Bang jets of hydrogen that flood the nearby region, which in turn collapse into the stars that comprise the optically visible galaxy at each stage. As is evident throughout the universe, large regions of extragalactic hydrogen are formed by this process. These satellite regions of hydrogen gravitationally collapse to form “dwarf galaxies” that have neither supermassive black holes nor active galactic centers. These collapsed dwarfs are independent systems that are able to evolve internally as stellar systems but are not able to grow in size from inside outward because they do not contain a Big-Bang source of hydrogen in an active galactic nucleus. When you look at the enormous radio halo enveloping the Coma cluster and the extragalactic radio structure surrounding galaxy M87 in the center of the Virgo cluster, knowing that hydrogen is a radio-emitting particle, it is easy to envision how these extragalactic hydrogen regions can collapse into dwarf galaxies. This process of dwarf collapse occurs in the same fashion as that envisioned in the original Big Bang theory, except the process occurs regionally in hydrogen rich environments that have been produced in the local universe region by Big-Bang generated twin-lobed jets.
The Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxies are the hallmark beginning of optical galaxy evolution and are formed by an entirely different process that underlies the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution, because these active young blue galaxies are growing from inside outward into galaxy form rather than collapsing from outside inward into stationary dwarf size. These Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxies are identifiable as a class by the presence of young star populations associated with active radio-jets arising from a bright supermassive “black hole” density at the center. The size of the supermassive black hole at the center of these early stage galaxies needs further thought and special consideration because the size and magnitude of the black holes can be underestimated at this stage due to the lack of surrounding stars and orbiting optical mass by which the size of the black holes are determined. Rather than measuring the size of the black hole alone, the magnitude of the supermassive density and its Big-Bang process can be more fully defined by measuring the following directly related variables: the brightness and size of the burning orb at center, which is a dust-enshrouded quasar; the size of the radio jets, which are a direct result of the Big-Bang process; and the size of the supermassive black hole, which is a gravitational measure of the supermassive density of the orb housing the Big-Bang. Each of these measures is affected by changes that occur during the sequential phases of Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxy growth, as follows: Early Phase, quasar center is clear and bright, jet dimensions depend on angle toward Earth, supermassive black hole may appear relatively small due to paucity of circumnuclear stars and orbiting optical mass by which the black hole is measured; Late Phase, burning orb of quasar is masked by dust but visually measurable, radio jets remain visible and measurable through dust, supermassive black hole appears larger due to larger orbiting optical mass.”
This Ongoing “Big-Bang” Model defines the process of galaxy evolution and formation of large scale structure in the universe, and every step of the process is fully within reach of direct scientific investigation! This scientific treatise was written for the purpose of introducing this new paradigm to the scientific community. The entire scientific treatise is contained at the following web site.
Respectfully,
Paul Hollister
http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com contains complete manuscript of
Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory
by Paul Hollister, M.D.
