Origin and Evolution of the Universe

Multiple Dimensions! (sci.physics.relativity May 13, 2005)

2005-05-13T01:59:00.000+09:00

Newsgroups: sci.physics.relativity
From: "Paul Hollister" - Find messages by this author
Date: Fri, 13 May 2005 14:59:05 +0900
Local: Fri, May 13 2005 1:59 am
Subject: Re: Multiple Dimensions!

Gerald L. O'Barr" wrote in message news:1115479175.548460.248800@z14g2000cwz.googlegroups.com...
> Multiple Dimensions!
> Why do we (those of us who are normal, thinking people) believe in 3-D? Is it because of the math? What a loss, if we believe that math has much to do with it. Why do we believe in 3-D? We believe in 3-D because we have two eyes, with a special brain, with means of seeing in 3-D. Not only do we see in 3-D, but we have two ears, and we hear in 3-D, and we have two hands, and we feel in 3-D, and we have means of moving, and we move in 3-D. We have a multitude of being and thinking and doing, all in 3-D. And of course the math allows a 3-D complexity that makes all these things easy to do mathematically. So why does anyone believe in 3-D? Certainly the math allows it, but we believe in 3-D because of all these multiplicities of sensations and actions that are in almost everything we do.
> (clip)
> Those who want to believe in 4-D are stupid... (clip)
> Thanks for reading.
> Gerald L. O'Barr

Paul Hollister wrote in response...

From the fervor of your position, it is clear that you want to be grounded in physical reality and refuse to be blinded by assumptions that are not experientially verifiable. However, I would like to ask you to open your mind one more time to the possibility of a 4th spatial dimension. As a hematologist, I have spent years of my life looking at the universe through the microscope, at cells and subcellular organelles and objects of vision that are beyond the threshold of visibility of our organic physical eyes. On an inside-outside axis within the macroscopic anatomical solidity of our body, 3-dimensional regions of space and structure are layered inside each other on a definable axis that extends from macroscopic organs to cells to molecular structure to atoms and intra-atomic nuclear structures that we shatter apart with our linear accelerators. Through this experience, I have come to realize that within us and throughout the visible physical universe there is an inside-outside dimension of depth that is clearly definable as a 4th spatial dimension. In other words, the entire visible physical universe, including our physical bodies and sense organs we experience with, is composed of not just 3- but 4-spatial dimensions!

In my scientific treatise on the Origin and Evolution of the Universe, I have defined this 4th spatial dimension in both physical and geometrical terms as a "Spectrum of Magnitudes" that on an inside-outside axis extends from Galaxies to Stars to Atoms to Particles. You might be interested in looking at this because it is an entirely new scientific paradigm about the dimensional nature of our existence and demonstrates that the entire visible physical universe consists of not just 3- but 4-spatial dimensions in simultaneous time. Chapter 16 Unblinding the 4th spatial dimension (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_16.htm) illustrates how microscopic, macroscopic and telescopic Cones of Vision can be integrated into a 4-dimensional Cone of Magnitudes that precisely defines the physical universe in 4 spatial dimensions. We are no longer looking at a circumferential sheet of abstract topography in a theoretical universe that is beyond the power of physical science to see, measure and test. We are looking at a 4-dimensional geometrical formulation of clearly defined magnitudes of visible physical universe structure that are scientifically known to exist!

After reading that brief overview, the following hyperlink excerpt from Chapter 23 Inner Space and Outer Space of Earth and Man (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/home/home_tunneling_cones.htm) will take you on an enjoyable conceptual journey through the 4th spatial dimension that complies with the power of your very own eyes.
If you take the time to read the hyperlinks, let me know what you think.

Respectfully,

Paul Hollister
http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com contains complete manuscript of Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D.

http://origin-of-universe.blogspot.com/ contains News, Views and Correspondence about Origin and Evolution of the Universe

If your body is made of baryons... (sci.astro March 25, 2005)

2005-03-25T21:48:00.000+09:00

Newsgroups: sci.astro, sci.physics.particle, sci.physics.relativity
From: "Paul Hollister" - Find messages by this author
Date: 25 Mar 2005 21:48:09 -0800
Local: Fri, Mar 25 2005 9:48 pm
Subject: Re: Question: If your body is made of baryons...

> > "Paul Hollister" <Hollister@Origin-of-Universe.com> wrote in message > news:d1j4mh$dff$1@news-nth.ocn.ad.jp...
>> In real time! How long did it take for all the baryons (Protons and >> neutrons) in your physical body and Planet Earth and the Milky Way Galaxy to be materialized into existence?

>"George Dishman" <george@briar.demon.co.uk> wrote in message news:d1ju0c$fct$1@news.freedom2surf.net...
> Much less than one second

As a hematologist, I am accustomed to looking at the physical universe face to face and through the microscope rather than through the lenses of mathematical abstraction. When trying to conceptualize the process of baryonogenesis in relationship to physical actuality, it helps me to look at the total sum of baryons in terms that my physical senses can comprehend. As a starting point, therefore, to conceptually visualize the magnitude of baryonogenesis in real physical terms, can you help me calculate by weight in a 100 kg man how much of the physical body is composed of baryons? As a mathematician and astrophysicist, you can do this much better than I can but I'll make an initial estimate by using the mass of a proton to represent all baryons. The human body is composed of cells and intercellular matrix that consists of atomic molecular structure. Total body weight therefore is composed of the baryons (protons and neutrons) and electrons that form its atomic molecular structure. The mass of a proton is approximately 1836 times that of an electron, and each atomic nucleus contains almost the entire mass of the atom. Reciprocally, the mass of electron can be derived (1/1836 x 100 = 0.055). With one electron for each proton in the human body, body weight x 0.055 = total electron mass, and body weight - electron mass = baryonic mass of human body. If I am calculating this correctly, the baryonic mass of a 150 kg man = 141.75 Kg and electron mass = 8.25 kg. Therefore 94.5% of human body weight (141.75/150 x 100) is the baryonic weight of a human being, and this 94.5% of the human body is said to have materialized into physical existence within ONE SECOND, according to the Standard Big Bang Model. Help me out with this if I am making a significant mathematical error, such as the amount of mass loss that occurs through atomic nuclear fusion.

("Tom Kirke" <tomkirke@uic.edu> wrote in message news:tomkirke-2803051729380001@tkmac.books.uic.edu...

> > This is in error, if the electron is 1/1836 of a proton and there are about as many nuetrons as protons in a atom, the fraction of an atom that is electrons is 1/(2 * 1836) = 1/3672. In a 150kg person the weight of electrons is ~0.041kg. Baryons are ~99.973% of the weight.)

Now with the baryonic weight of an average human being in mind as a starting point, I can conceptually visualize the proportionate amount of baryonic mass of Planet Earth and the Milky Way Galaxy, which is likewise said to have all materialized into physical existence within ONE SECOND.
Now we can extrapolate and apply this proportion of baryonic mass to the 100 billion galaxies that are directly visible through the Hubble and Chandra telescopes and ask ourselves whether we really believe that the total baryonic mass of the billions of stars in each of the 100 billion galaxies actually materialized into physical existence in less than ONE SECOND! Doesn't this seem rather magical? Why is it decided that all the baryons in the entire physical universe were materialized into actual physical existence within ONE SECOND? This is unbelievable! This is no less magical than the original Book of Genesis!

There is another possibility that can account for the creation of baryons in the universe. And it is exploding into evidence right in front of our eyes! Rather than the entire physical universe exploding into baryonic existence within ONE SECOND, the baryonic mass of the surrounding visible universe could potentially evolve from an Ongoing Big-Bang process that is clearly in evidence within the greatest supermassive densities causing the most powerful ongoing explosions in the entire physical universe: The Quasar!

Think about this for a moment because the theory fits the facts. When the supermassive gravitational density of the Quasar is modeled as the physical site of Ongoing “Big-Bang” quark-gluon fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (baryonogenesis), hydrogen in plasma form is jettisoned from the quasar into surrounding regional space. As a morphologist, by following the jettison of hydrogen outward I have been able to define the entire Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution. The following hyperlink illustrates the Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution and describes how the galaxy grows and evolves from inside outward from Quasar to Radio Galaxy to Elliptical Galaxy to Spiral Galaxy (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution).

Paul Hollister
http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com contains the complete manuscript of
Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory
by Paul Hollister, M.D.

Response to Steve Willner's questions about Ongoing Big-Bang Model (sci.astro March 15, 2005)

2005-03-15T13:29:00.000+09:00

"Steve Willner" <willner@cfa.harvard.edu> wrote in message
news:42110bf9$1@cfanews.cfa.harvard.edu...
> It's fun to consider new theories. Does your theory say the Universe was hotter and denser in the past or not? What abundances do you> derive for deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4, and how do those abundances change with time? How do you account for the quasar abundance peak at z=2? In your theory, does the stellar initial mass function change with time, and if so, how? As you can see, I'm searching for testable predictions of your theory and how those predictions differ from those of the standard Big Bang model.

"Paul Hollister" <Hollister@Origin-of-Universe.com> wrote in message news:d15obi$6sf$1@news-nth.ocn.ad.jp...
In addition to these 4 questions, Professor Willner sent a fifth question to me by e-mail: "I was trying to get a simple picture of what your model predicts at relatively recent times, say between redshift 1 and 0. I didn't find that easy to see from your answers."

These questions are in regard to the Ongoing "Big-Bang" Model for galaxy and universe evolution. The theory is based on a Gravity Implosion--Energy Explosion Model wherein the Quasar is the site of quark-gluon fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (baryonogenesis). In summary, as an overview, a Pre-Bang Universe composed of pre- and non-atomic particles (Dark Matter) gravitationally collapses into the supermassive "black hole" density of the quasar that reaches the threshold of quark-gluon fusion into hydrogen (baryonogenesis). From within the supermassive density of the quasar, an explosive output of proton-electron plasma (Ongoing “Big-Bang” origin of hydrogen in plasma form) is channeled into orbit as an accretion disk around the equatorial plane of the quasar, and the resulting electromagnetic force results in the cosmic plasma jets that jettison hydrogen (proton-electron plasma) into surrounding regional space. This ongoing flood of hydrogen into space around the quasar gradually gives rise to the Radio Galaxy. Nebula formation and gravitational collapse within the resulting hydrogen rich milieu leads to thermonuclear fusion and the first visible evidence of star formation as an active Blue Dwarf Galaxy. The continuous in-flood of hydrogen from the jets results in the gradual growth in size and stellar content of the Elliptical Galaxy (E0 - E8 growth and evolution of the elliptical galaxy from inside outward). Massive thermonuclear fusion within the quasar's accretion disk results in atomic nuclear fusion of atoms of higher atomic weight and formation of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the galaxy. Accumulation of atomic-molecular dust in rings results in the increasing ellipticity of the galaxy (E0 - E8), subsequent morphological formation of the disk (S0), and centrifugal distribution of the massively accumulating dust spills outward from the rings into bars and spiral arms that form the Spiral Galaxy (Sa - Sc). See Illustration of this Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution at http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution

Responses to Professor Willner's questions about this Ongoing "Big-Bang" Model are numbered in sequence 1 to 5:

1) Does your theory (Ongoing Big-Bang Model) say the Universe was hotter and denser in the past or not?

Formation of quark-gluon plasma and the threshold for quark-gluon particle fusion into baryons require the temperature and density conditions defined by the Standard Big Bang Model. As a particle-fusion process resulting in baryonogenesis, the temperature and density conditions of quark-gluon plasma that reaches the threshold of quark-gluon particle fusion into baryons in the Ongoing Big-Bang Model are the same as the quark-gluon particle fusion conditions of the Standard Big Bang Model. However, your question is asked from the perspective that the entire Universe began from a singular big bang (Standard Big Bang Model). Whereas the Standard Big Bang Model has the nucleosynthesis of all the hydrogen in the universe occurring within an extremely short period of time (within a few minutes!), the Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis of hydrogen within the supermassive density conditions of the quasar occurs as an ongoing process. This Ongoing Big-Bang particle fusion into hydrogen within the quasar is comparable on another scale of magnitude to the gradual thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in the stars. It is the thermal and density conditions within the star that reach the thermonuclear threshold of nuclear fusion. Likewise, on an astronomically larger scale of magnitude, it is the thermal and supermassive density conditions within the quasar that reach the threshold of quark-gluon particle fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (baryonogenesis). In conceptual terms, the following hyperlink contains testable predictions of the Ongoing Big-Bang Theory. In Chapter 10 -- Evidence of Ongoing Big-Bang in Center of Every Galaxy, section -- Is Galaxy Center a Big Bang or Black Hole? (page 111, CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/home/home-galaxy-center.htm) see the bivalve illustration of Star/Quasar and corresponding description to conceptually visualize how the quasar is the site of quark-gluon particle fusion into hydrogen and how this process results in the quasar's circumnuclear torus and cosmic plasma jets composed of proton-electron plasma. The following is a descriptive excerpt from the hyperlink:

“The Gravity Implosion---Energy Explosion Model integrates both sides ofthe process in each of these celestial orbs [Star and Quasar]. Using stellar evolution leading to thermonuclear fusion as a model, quasar evolution leading to thermo-particle fusion (Big-Bang) can be precisely formulated in theoretical terms. Quasar is formed from and composed of pre- and non-atomic particles within a Pre-Bang supermassive gravitational density. Quark-gluon fusion into the proton nucleus of hydrogen strong-force binds the particles into stable proton condition. This strong-force separation of particle (proton) and anti-particle (electron) creates an electromagnetic polarity that is the regional origin of electromagnetic force within the universe (in the form of an electron and proton, the subatomic elements of hydrogen). Within the supermassive density of quark-gluon plasma, hydrogen protons and their newly formed “anti-particle” electrons are propelled outward from the supermassive gravitational density conditions within the core of the quasar. At the surface of the quasar, the protons are channeled by gravitational force into orbit as a torus of proton-electron plasma whirling around the equatorial plane of the quasar. Massive electromagnetic force generated by the orbiting torus forms the cosmic plasma jets. Within the supermassive gravitational conditions of the torus orbiting around the equatorial plane of the quasar, accelerated nuclear fusion occurs that gives rise to the regional presence of atoms of higher and higher atomic weight, thereby accounting for the range of atomic elements evident around thequasar” [including deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4].

In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the “universe” is indeed regionally hotter and denser at the site of baryonogenesis, just as it is in the Standard Big Bang Model. However, the “Universe” as a whole was not uniformly hotter and denser in the past because baryonogenesis is occurring locally within each quasar, rather than simultaneously throughout the “Universe” as a whole at one brief point in cosmos history. A comparison of the Mass Density and Thermal Scale of the “Original Big Bang” and “Ongoing Big-Bang” formation of hydrogen is illustrated in Chapter 7, The Big Bang With A Cause: The Quasar!, hyperlink section Sparks, Stars and the Quasar (page 74, CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_7.htm). Quasar evolution is also conceptually illustrated in Chapter 7, hyperlink section Quasar Evolution (page 75, CD Edition).

Whereas the Standard Big Bang Model is a unicentric process wherein all the hydrogen in the entire universe was theoretically created within less than 3 MINUTES, the Ongoing Big-Bang Model is a multicentric “Big-Bang” process that occurs within each quasar, wherein hydrogen is locally massively produced and jettisoned into surrounding regional space. The timing and sequence of hydrogen evolution from plasma to ionic to atomic to molecular form are extremely important determinants for the timing and circumstances of stellar evolution. In the Standard Big Bang Model it is said to have taken about 300,000 years before the universe cooled sufficiently for hydrogen ions to combine with electrons to form atoms, and longer before hydrogen atoms assemble into hydrogen molecules that can gravitationally collapse within star forming nebulae. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the cooling process following baryonogenesis becomes a function of local distance in space from the hot finite supermassive density of the quasar, and the entire process of “Hydrogen Evolution” (regional transition from plasma to ionic to atomic to molecular form) is directly visible in clearly definable regions within the resulting radio galaxy. Rather than the totality of space throughout the universe simultaneously cooling over eons of cosmological time before hydrogen ions can assemble into neutral atoms and combine into hydrogen molecules that can gravitationally collapse into stars, the entire process of hydrogen and stellar evolution in the Ongoing Big-Bang Model are within the direct range and reach of scientific investigation, because the entire Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution is within reach of the Hubble Space Telescope deep fields!
If Big Bang nucleosynthesis is an ongoing process within the quasar (OngoingBig-Bang Model) rather than a singular event in universe history (StandardBig Bang Model), there would be ongoing Big-Bang fusion of quark-gluon plasma into protons and a galactic River-of-Hydrogen (proton-electron plasma) being jettisoned out of the supermassive “black hole”(gravitational density conditions) of the quasar, jetting and spreading ionic hydrogen and electrons into space, cooling in the distance into atomic and molecular hydrogen form, gathering into nebulae, giving birth to stars---which is exactly what we see occurring in the galaxies! This Ongoing Big-Bang Theory, which includes scientific definition of both Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe, can be simulated as a theoretical model if the dark matter of the universe is composed of pre- and non-atomic particles that have the capacity to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive gravitational density of the Quasar. The Ongoing Big-Bang is defined by the threshold of quark-gluon fusion into hydrogen. The pre- and non-atomic elements that precede the particle fusion of quark-gluon plasma into baryons comprise a Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that has the potential to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive density of the quasar. Whereas in the Standard Big Bang Model all pre- and non-atomic particles (including all the quarks and gluon that form the baryonic structure of every atomic nucleus in the entire physical universe!) are all said to have materialized within ONE SECOND (Particle Era of Standard Big Bang Model was from 10-10 to 1 second following the mathematical point of beginning of Big Bang) before being strong force fused into baryons, this Ongoing Big-Bang Model is based on the preexistence of a Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that is in evidence as dark matter throughout the surrounding coexisting Post-Bang Universe. The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) can be viewed as a direct manifestation of this Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles. In the Standard Big Bang Model, CMB is viewed as the lingering embers of a single hot big bang event that occurred 10 to 15 billion years ago. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, CMB is potentially a direct manifestation of the Pre-Bang Universe that contains the pre- and non-atomic particles of dark matter that have the capacity to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive “black hole”density of the quasar.

2) What abundances do you derive for deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4, and how do those abundances change with time?

Hydrogen accounts for 73 percent of the observed mass of the universe and is the most common element in the universe. Helium accounts for about 25 percent of the mass of the universe and is the second most common element. All mainstream sequence stars in the universe (Hertzsprung-Russell diagram) are predominantly composed of hydrogen. All newborn stars throughout the universe are ignited into visible existence by the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. Throughout much of their life span (mainstream sequence of stellar evolution), thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium continues to occur in the stars. In the Standard Big Bang Model, all the hydrogen and most of the deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 in the universe were created within 3 MINUTES following the mathematical point of beginning of Big Bang. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the nucleosynthesis of hydrogen is produced inside the supermassive thermal and gravitational density conditions of the quasar. This Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis of hydrogen results directly in the formation of the quasar’s circumnuclear torus and cosmic plasma jets of proton-electron plasma, as described under Question #1 above. The circumnuclear torus surrounding the quasar is composed of proton-electron plasma (hydrogen) under enormous temperature and gravitational density conditions that result in accelerated nuclear fusion of deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 and atomic elements that are in evidence immediately around the quasar and within the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the galaxy. The following hyperlink contains detailed description and testable predictions of this Ongoing Big-Bang process that results in atomic nucleosynthesis and AGN evolution: Chapter 12 -- Quasar and AGN Evolution, section -- Ongoing Big-Bang Alignment of Quasars and Circumnuclear AGNs (page 149, CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_12.htm).The following excerpt from the hyperlink describes how accelerated nuclear fusion immediately around the quasar forms atoms of higher atomic weight and gives rise to the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the galaxy:

“As the quasar matures, the environment around the quasar evolves from two separate but simultaneous and closely interrelated processes, each of which have their own unique regional rate of evolution: 1) The quasar’s radiojets account for the accumulative formation of the galaxy’s radio structure and hydrogen atmosphere that results in the starburst growth and evolution of the optical galaxy, as previously described, which accounts for the evolution of the elliptical galaxy. 2) The quasar’s plasma torus accounts for the evolution of the circumnuclear environment around the quasar, which over time evolves into the galaxy’s visible active galactic nucleus (AGN), which in turn accounts for the massive materialization of circumnuclear galaxy dust and morphological evolution of the spiral galaxy. The astronomical temperature conditions and massive amounts of hydrogen produced by the Big-Bang process of quark-gluon fusion within the quasar account for the sequential formation of the circumnuclear plasma torus and resulting materialization and fueling of the AGN. Within the thermonuclear inferno of the AGN is where the massive amounts of higher atomic-molecular weight dust is formed that is responsible for gradually reshaping the galaxy from spherical to elliptical to spiral form. Whereas the increasing volume and size of the elliptical stages of optical galaxy evolution are largely due to the radio jets and rain of hydrogenous matter throughout the space of the galaxy, the increasing ellipticity (E0-E7) of the galaxy and transformation from elliptical to spiral galaxy form (S0) and progressive increase in the total atomic-molecular dust and mass of the spiral stages (Sa-Sc) of galaxy evolution are primarily the result of events taking place in the circumnuclear AGN.”

I have stressed throughout the treatise that the quasar is the site of hydrogen nucleosynthesis because this is the key to recognizing that the galaxies have materialized and grown from inside outward into their range of visible morphologies (Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution). Whereas deuterium and helium can result from nuclear fusion within the circumnuclear region around the quasar, and within the AGN region, and within the stars, hydrogen nucleosynthesis can only occur within the quasar! This is the key by which I was able to define the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution: Quasars make hydrogen! From this perspective, the origin of the Intergalactic Medium and the Lyman alpha forest can be looked at in a new light. (To avoid any misunderstanding or confusion about what constitutes the Standard Big Bang Model perspective see Professor Bill Keel’s excellent essay about Quasars, AGN and Lyman Alpha Forest at http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/agn/).
Within the Intergalactic Medium, from Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, all hydrogen can be traced directly to Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis within the quasar. Accelerated nuclear fusion of deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 can occur in the circumnuclear region around the quasar and AGN region of the galaxy. The presence of ionized helium (He II) within the Lyman alpha forest can be the result of intragalactic nuclear fusion or the result of helium being carried outward as a minor component of the jets. The process of baryonogenesis within the quasar and nuclear fusion within its circumnuclear torus occurs in sequence from quark-gluon plasma to hydrogen to deuterium to helium-3 to helium-4. Whether or not a fractional portion of helium can be jettisoned into intergalactic space rather than confined to the circumnuclear torus and AGN region would depend in part on where deuterium and helium nucleosynthesis begins in relationship to the formation of the quasar’s circumnuclear torus and plasma jets. If helium nucleosynthesis begins to occur after the formation of the plasma jets, there should be no significant levels of intergalactic He II. If helium nucleosynthesis begins to occur within the circumnuclear torus, intergalactic jettison of He would be potentially possible. If helium nucleosynthesis begins to occur proximal to the formation of the circumnuclear torus, more He could be jettisoned into intergalactic space.

3) How do you account for the quasar abundance peak at z=2?

From Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, two factors account for the quasar abundance peak at redshift z=2: first, space-time look-back reveals universe conditions at prior eras of time within the surrounding universe; second, local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe define the site of quasar formation. Although the speed of light dependably measures and demarcates distance in space-time terms, it does not need to be assumed that the population density of quasars and galaxy types observed in distant space have evolutionarily given rise directly to the galaxy populations within local regional space. I have shown how each quasar initiates the Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution within its own respective regional space, which is illustrated and described at http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution (click hyperlink for concise description of the process).
Each quasar within the quasar abundance peak at z=2 initiates this Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution locally within its own regional space. As the quasar is the site of quark-gluon fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (Ongoing “Big-Bang” in the hyperlink illustration), the location of each quasar physically and geometrically demarcates the relationship between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe in space. The quasar abundance peak at redshift z=2 is the result of regional gravitational events within the Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that give rise to the supermassive “black hole” density of the quasar. When looked at from a Locus of Vision on Planet Earth, the time required for light to travel from those quasars reveal the regional history of universe evolution at z=2. Reciprocally, from Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, if our Locus of Vision was situated at redshift z=2 looking back toward Planet Earth, we would be seeing the region of the Milky Way Galaxy and Virgo Cluster at a prior era of regional universe history, long before our planet was born.
In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the quasar abundance at z=2 is the result of local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe. Local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles gravitationally give rise to the supermassive density of the quasar that reaches the particle-fusion threshold of its visible “Big-Bang”. The location of quasars and their active jets make it possible to demarcate and precisely map the relationship between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe in space. The supermassive “black hole” density of the quasar is formed by gravitational collapse of pre- and non-atomic particles of dark matter within a Pre-Bang Universe. The site of gravitational collapse is thereby a function of conditions within the coexisting Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles. The quasar as a result is a physical point of interface between the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe. The Large Scale Structure of Universe is characterized by a cell-like pattern consisting of superclusters of galaxies surrounding large voids of space. By correlating the distribution of quasars and their jets with the morphological characteristics of the Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution, I was able to recognize a “Unit of Universe”pattern within the surrounding Large Scale Structure of Universe that potentially integrates the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe as a unified system on a large scale. Chapter 17, Representative Sample of Cosmos and Universe (pages 193-201, CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_17.htm) illustrates the relationship of the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe within the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. The illustrated “Unit of Universe” pattern in 4-spatial dimensions shows how the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe can both be mapped in space as a structural and functional unit that is within direct scientific reach in the surrounding Large Scale Structure of Universe.
Chapter 18, Large Scale Unified Structure of Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes describes a methodology for scientifically investigating the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe as a unified system.

4) In your theory (Ongoing Big-Bang Model), does the stellar initial mass function change with time, and if so, how?

If you take a few moments to model in your mind what the universe would look like if the quasar is the site of Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis and jettison of hydrogen, the resulting process of stellar evolution unfolds into the morphological pattern of galaxies we see in the surrounding universe. To visualize this, however, you must realize that the galaxy materializes and grows from inside outward into its sequence of morphological changes, which progress from Quasar jettison of hydrogen to Radio Galaxy reflection of massive hydrogen content to optically enlarging Elliptical Galaxy resulting from stellar evolution to centrifugal molding of Spiral Galaxy as a result of growing atomic molecular amassment within its disk and spiral arms. Hydrogen is continuously jettisoned and floods into surrounding space from the Ongoing Big-Bang process in the Quasar. The expanding hydrogen atmosphere flooding into space from the jets regionally evolves from plasma to ionic (H+) to atomic (H0) to molecular (H2) hydrogen nebular form in the cooler regions surrounding the quasar at galaxy center, producing the optically quiet pre-stellar radio-loud galaxy (Radio Galaxy). Optical appearance of starburst activity begins at galaxy center and in the hydrogen rich atmospheres streaming into orbit from the plumes of plasma jets that extend thousands of light-years into space, giving optical birth to the irregular, blue dwarf galaxy (Irregular Blue Galaxy). Globular clusters of first generation stars (Metal-Poor Population II Stars) continuously form in the dense hydrogen atmosphere and spread into orbit around gravity-center main, and the galaxy gradually transforms from irregular blue optical appearance into a homogeneous galaxy filled with globular clusters of stars (Elliptical Galaxy). Continuous in-flooding of hydrogen from the ongoing Big-Bang process and its visible jets causes the elliptical galaxy to grow in size from small elliptical (E1) to medium elliptical (E3) to large elliptical galaxy (E7). Stellar evolution within the enlarging elliptical galaxy causes its characteristic transformation from young blue star composition to old red star content as the galaxy grows in size and age. Active galactic nucleus stage of galaxy evolution begins with the appearance of massive star birth growth and evolution occurring in the vigorous central region around the quasar (AGN, Active Galactic Nucleus). Stellar evolution and supernova explosions within the active galactic nucleus region of the galaxy result in sequential nuclear fusion of atoms of higher atomic weight and their regional distribution within galaxy space. As the generations of metal-poor Population II stars pass through their lifecycle from Hertzsprung-Russell mainstream sequence stars to hydrogen-core depleted red giants to supernova explosions, and as the interstellar space within the galaxy becomes increasingly filled with the atomic products of thermonuclear fusion, interstellar dust begins to form in the center of the galaxy that contains atoms of higher atomic mass, and metal-rich stars (Population I Stars) begin to be formed in the resulting metal-rich clouds of dust. This ongoing sequence accounts for why the central bulge of galaxies at maturity contains both Population I and Population II stars. The metal-poor Population II stars are continuously produced from the ongoing Big-Bang production of hydrogen and metal-rich Population I stars are continuously produced by stellar evolution, and this entire process and sequence of atomic and stellar co-evolution is occurring within the space of the galaxy. Vigorous AGN activity results in the production of immense amounts of intragalactic dust that accumulates in the circumnuclear region of the galaxy. The increasing amounts of dust progressively masks the brightness of the quasar at galaxy center until it can no longer be directly seen at optical wavelengths, but the presence of the quasar’s enormous gravitational force (“Supermassive Black Hole”) remains evident and its explosive jets remain clearly visible throughout the elliptical stage of galaxy growth and evolution. As intragalactic atomic-molecular dust continues to form and accumulate within the active galactic nuclear region of the galaxy, visible rings of atomic-molecular dust appear and begin to spread centrifugally outward into a plane perpendicular to the galaxy’s axis of spin, which gradually transforms the shape of the galaxy from spherical (E0) to elliptical (E1 - E7) to early spiral form (S0). Within the AGN region at galaxy center, the atoms assemble into molecules; the molecules amass into visible rings of intragalactic dust, and the growing amassment of visible galaxy dust accounts for the remolding of the shape of the galaxy. As atomic-molecular amassment of dust continues to accumulate, the visible rings of dust become denser and centrifugally spill outward into bars and growing spiral arms (Sa stage of spiral galaxy evolution). As the maturing spiral galaxy is in effect a centrifuge that concentrates the metal-rich atomic-molecular clouds of dust in the galactic plane, this accounts for why the disk of the spiral galaxy contains only metal-rich Population I stars. As the disk of the spiral galaxy grows in size, the recycling lifecycles of metal-poor Population II stars within the halo region gradually become incorporated into the growing spiral disk and the spiral bulge gradually decreases in size (Sb and Sc stages of spiral galaxy evolution). The bulge and halo of globular clusters of stars in every spiral galaxy are the remnant of the elliptical galaxy that gradually reformed into the spiral disk, which accounts for why the globular clusters of stars in the halo of spiral galaxies are composed of metal-poor Population II stars.

5) I was trying to get a simple picture of what your model (Ongoing Big-Bang Model) predicts at relatively recent times, say between redshift 1 and 0. I didn't find that easy to see from your answers.

(For orientation, Chapter 16 -- Un-blinding the 4th Spatial Dimension Inside, Outside and All Around (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_16.htm) has a simple conceptual diagram of the surrounding visible universe in 4 spatial dimensions that corresponds to redshift distance scales. CD Edition page 190)

The Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution illustrated at http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution occurs within each redshift region of the surrounding visible universe. Chapter 10 -- Evidence of Ongoing Big-Bang in Center of Every Active Galaxy (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_10.htm) shows how Galaxy M87 in the Virgo cluster exemplifies the elliptical stage of galaxy evolution within this mainstream sequence and how its cosmic plasma jet is flooding surrounding regional space with massive amounts of newly formed hydrogen. Chapter 13 -- Galaxy Evolution From Ellipse to Spiral (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_13.htm) describes in detail and illustrates through evidence exactly how the elliptical galaxy evolves and physically transforms into spiral galaxy morphologically within the surrounding visible universe. As shown in the following excerpt from Chapter 18 -- Large Scale Unified Structure of Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_18.htm), CD Edition pages 208 - 210, two well known galaxy clusters -- the Virgo cluster and Coma cluster -- show the relationship of the mainstream sequence of galaxy growth and evolution to supercluster formation and large scale structure within our local regional universe:

“According to this ongoing Big-Bang theory, galaxies grow from inside outward and the mainstream lifecycle of galaxy evolution invariably progresses from elliptical to spiral. Consequently, elliptical galaxies are newer and younger and spiral galaxies are always older. This is crucially important to realize because elliptical and spiral galaxy age is exactly opposite to the view held by the original Big Bang theory. The rectification of that misunderstanding about galaxy age is an evolutionary paradigm shift that gives us the means to unfold the process and sequence of galaxy evolution and supercluster formation, by which in turn we can accurately define the relationship in space between the Post-Bang and Pre-Bang Universes. Two well known galaxy clusters -- the Virgo cluster and Coma cluster -- exemplify the relationship of galaxy growth and evolution to supercluster formation and structure and demonstrate the relationship of the Post-Bang Universe to the Pre-Bang Universe in nearby space.
The Virgo cluster is the largest cluster of galaxies within 100 million light-years from Earth and contains galaxies of many types including spirals, ellipticals and irregular galaxies. Galaxy counts have shown that the Virgo cluster contains between 100 and 200 large galaxies and about 1000 dwarf galaxies. Morphological analysis of 200 bright galaxies in the Virgo cluster showed that 68% are spiral galaxies, 19% are elliptical galaxies and the rest are irregulars or unclassified. The giant elliptical galaxy M87 with its gigantic radio jet and radio structure is located at the core of the Virgo cluster.
Just a few hundred million light-years further from Earth in the direction of the constellation Coma, about 7 times further from Earth than the Virgo cluster, the Coma cluster is one of the densest clusters known and contains thousands of galaxies. This cluster is so big that it takes light millions of years to go from one side to the other. The Coma cluster is a prototypical rich cluster that is populated overwhelmingly by elliptical and S0 galaxies with only a few spirals near the outskirts of the cluster. In contrast to the Virgo cluster, 85% of the galaxy population in the Coma cluster consists of elliptical and S0 galaxies. The Coma cluster is uniquely characterized by the presence of an immense cluster-wide radio halo, the enormous size of which was found to be rare.
With a single Big Bang origin of the universe, all the galaxies and clusters had to be formed from the single pool of matter that was produced and dispersed by the single Big Bang, so the galaxies and superclusters had to collapse and collide into their present forms. By contrast, with the Post-Bang Universe having evolved at multicentric points of origin through astronomical numbers of widely distributed supermassive densities containing ongoing Big-Bangs [Quasars!], the process of evolution looks radically different because the galaxies and superclusters have all grown regionally from inside outward into their present form. Consequently, the lifecycle of individual galaxy growth and evolution defines galaxy age. As spiral galaxies evolve from elliptical galaxies, the elliptical galaxies are therefore younger and more recently formed. From this frame of reference, within the nearby universe neighborhood, the Coma cluster is as a whole much younger than the Virgo cluster because of the overwhelming predominance of elliptical and S0 galaxies and the paucity of spirals. As galaxies and clusters grow from inside outward, it is noteworthy and very significant that the older spiral galaxies are on the outskirts of the Coma cluster, because this appears to be a consistent pattern in clusters and is evidence of the direction of cluster growth in space. Furthermore, the cluster-wide radio halo in the Coma cluster is evidence for widespread production of radio-loud hydrogen within this region, which as we have seen is produced by the radio jets of quasars and active galactic nuclei. This radio halo is the result of, and a cumulative measure of, the degree of ongoing Big-Bang activity within the cluster, which according to this theory is also a reflection and indication of relatively recent activity within the Pre-Bang Universe in this region.
The Virgo cluster as a whole is older because the largest percentage of its galaxies are spiral. However, in the center of the cluster is galaxy M87, which as we have seen is very active with a giant optical and radio jet that is producing an enormous extragalactic cloud of radio structure at cluster center. In 1966 the first detection of an X-ray source associated with a cluster of galaxies was detected in galaxy M87, the central giant elliptical galaxy of the Virgo cluster, which led astrophysicists to the realization that many extragalactic X-ray sources are associated with clusters of galaxies. Now it is clear that most, if not all, rich clusters populated by elliptical and S0 galaxies include an X-ray emission region of large size. These radio and X-ray jets and the clouds of radio structure they form have been clearly shown to be expanding and growing from point sources rather than collapsing into point sources. The outward direction of all this evidence shows that the galaxies are not collapsing into existence from spacefulls of preformed hydrogen and helium produced 20 billion years before by a single Big Bang that occurred 20 billion light-years away. Galaxies are visibly materializing and expanding from point sources before our eyes, and these point-sources are the most extraordinary supermassive densities associated with the most powerful and copious jets of radio and X-ray substance in the visible physical universe. Although proportionately fewer in number, the presence of elliptical galaxies in the center of the Virgo cluster has great significance because this too appears to be a pattern of distribution seen in spiral clusters. Despite the Virgo cluster being older by the predominate presence of spiral galaxies, the characteristic jet activity in the elliptical galaxy at cluster center is evidence of active interface with the Pre-Bang Universe, and indicates that the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution occurs from inside outward within clusters as a whole.
Before defining the method of mapping the Unit of Universe grid, one further point needs to be clarified about galaxy morphology relative to galaxy and supercluster evolution: Dwarf galaxies are the most common galaxy in the universe. However, not all dwarf galaxies are the same! The designation “dwarf galaxy” simply means small and does not group galaxies functionally according to the mechanism of their formation. Yet understanding the mechanism of their formation is essential in order to map the superclusters according to the sequence of galaxy evolution, which in turn is essential in order to map the development of the supermassive “black hole” densities and twin-lobed jets that pinpoint and regionally define the relationship of the Post-Bang to Pre-Bang Universe. The term “dwarf galaxy” is a heterogeneous grouping that includes galaxies that are formed at early and late stages of the systematic sequence of galaxy evolution. The natural sequence of optical galaxy evolution progresses from Quasar to Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxy to Elliptical Galaxy to Spiral Galaxy. All of these stages of galaxy formation have a supermassive “black hole” density at their center and grow and evolve from Big-Bang jets of hydrogen that flood the nearby region, which in turn collapse into the stars that comprise the optically visible galaxy at each stage. As is evident throughout the universe, large regions of extragalactic hydrogen are formed by this process. These satellite regions of hydrogen gravitationally collapse to form “dwarf galaxies” that have neither supermassive black holes nor active galactic centers. These collapsed dwarfs are independent systems that are able to evolve internally as stellar systems but are not able to grow in size from inside outward because they do not contain a Big-Bang source of hydrogen in an active galactic nucleus. When you look at the enormous radio halo enveloping the Coma cluster and the extragalactic radio structure surrounding galaxy M87 in the center of the Virgo cluster, knowing that hydrogen is a radio-emitting particle, it is easy to envision how these extragalactic hydrogen regions can collapse into dwarf galaxies. This process of dwarf collapse occurs in the same fashion as that envisioned in the original Big Bang theory, except the process occurs regionally in hydrogen rich environments that have been produced in the local universe region by Big-Bang generated twin-lobed jets.
The Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxies are the hallmark beginning of optical galaxy evolution and are formed by an entirely different process that underlies the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution, because these active young blue galaxies are growing from inside outward into galaxy form rather than collapsing from outside inward into stationary dwarf size. These Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxies are identifiable as a class by the presence of young star populations associated with active radio-jets arising from a bright supermassive “black hole” density at the center. The size of the supermassive black hole at the center of these early stage galaxies needs further thought and special consideration because the size and magnitude of the black holes can be underestimated at this stage due to the lack of surrounding stars and orbiting optical mass by which the size of the black holes are determined. Rather than measuring the size of the black hole alone, the magnitude of the supermassive density and its Big-Bang process can be more fully defined by measuring the following directly related variables: the brightness and size of the burning orb at center, which is a dust-enshrouded quasar; the size of the radio jets, which are a direct result of the Big-Bang process; and the size of the supermassive black hole, which is a gravitational measure of the supermassive density of the orb housing the Big-Bang. Each of these measures is affected by changes that occur during the sequential phases of Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxy growth, as follows: Early Phase, quasar center is clear and bright, jet dimensions depend on angle toward Earth, supermassive black hole may appear relatively small due to paucity of circumnuclear stars and orbiting optical mass by which the black hole is measured; Late Phase, burning orb of quasar is masked by dust but visually measurable, radio jets remain visible and measurable through dust, supermassive black hole appears larger due to larger orbiting optical mass.”

This Ongoing “Big-Bang” Model defines the process of galaxy evolution and formation of large scale structure in the universe, and every step of the process is fully within reach of direct scientific investigation! This scientific treatise was written for the purpose of introducing this new paradigm to the scientific community. The entire scientific treatise is contained at the following web site.

Respectfully,

Paul Hollister
http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com contains complete manuscript of
Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory
by Paul Hollister, M.D.

Superluminal Quasar Jets (sci.astro March 8, 2005)

2005-03-08T20:04:00.000+09:00

CLICK FOR ILLUSTRATION of M87 as a Radio Galaxy

Newsgroups: sci.physics, sci.physics.relativity, alt.sci.physics, sci.astro
From: "Paul Hollister" - Find messages by this author
Date: Wed, 9 Mar 2005 13:04:52 +0900
Local: Tues, Mar 8 2005 8:04 pm
Subject: Re: Superluminal Quasar Jets : The Beaming "Explanation" Appears Inadequate

"Joseph Lazio" wrote in message
http://groups-beta.google.com/groups?as_umsgid=ll4qfqyq0z.fsf@adams.patriot.net...
>>>>>> "j" == jgreen writes:> j> [...] surely the composition of that material is relevent? And that is determined by spectra, which I am suggesting would be very flawed data, were transverse doppler effects as posited.
> Yes, the composition of the material is relevant. Unfortunately, there are few means available to determine that. The spectra of the jets are essentially a featureless continuum. There are no spectra lines. Other than being reasonably confident that the emission is synchrotron radiation, there's not a whole lot more that can be said.

Paul Hollister wrote in response:
What a fascinating subject this is. Although as a hematologist I spent most of my life looking at the universe through a microscope rather than telescope, the unique morphological pattern of the plasma jet exploding out of the nuclear center of galaxy M87 has to have enormously relevant structural and functional significance. In hematology, as a microscopist, when we encounter a single aberrant cell in the bone marrow that is difficult to identify, we can usually identify the nature of the cell line by examining the company it keeps. As the characteristic features of certain cell populations gradually transition toward their progenitors, it becomes possible to morphologically identify how an individual cell transforms into its present morphological appearance, structurally speaking. I therefore looked at cosmic plasma jets in a variety of celestial objects and was surprised by what I saw. These jets from quasars and the nuclear center of galaxies consistently appear to be an integral part of their morphological structure and physical ontogeny, rather than an aberrant result of a catastrophic event. Obviously, visually speaking, these plasma jets are exploding out of the nuclear centers of quasars and a wide variety of interrelated galaxy types that have identical giant plasma jets. By aligning these structures according to specific criteria including the presence of jets, I was able to recognize that the quasar and its jettison of particle plasma appeared to be forming the active nuclear center of all these galaxies, which appear to extend as an interrelated structural continuum all the way from quasar to radio galaxy to elliptical galaxies, exactly like galaxy M87. This alignment indicates to me that the material flooding into surrounding space is potentially composed of hydrogen, because the ongoing expansion of this radio emitting material results in the formation of a radio galaxy, wherein star birth is visibly vigorously active.
By looking at the process on either side of the jet in galaxy M87 (i.e. within the supermassive density of the quasar at galaxy center and within the massive radio structure that results from this ongoing process of particle formation that is visibly flooding into surrounding space), the composition of the material can be investigated in theoretical terms. Citing evidence from recent reports about the supermassive "black hole" and plasma jet exploding out of galaxy M87, by using a Gravity Implosion---Energy Explosion Model analogous to stellar evolution, I have demonstrated how the supermassive gravitational density of the quasar at galaxy center is potentially the actual physical site of Ongoing "Big-Bang" nucleosynthesis of hydrogen that results in formation of the circumnuclear torus and jettison of hydrogen (proton-electron plasma) into surrounding regional space.
See Evidence of Ongoing-Big-Bang in Center of Every Active Galaxy at http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_10.htm
When the jets are modeled as newly formed hydrogen that transitions within the cooler regions of surrounding space into ionic and atomic and molecular hydrogen, the entire process of galaxy evolution unfolds from inside outward as a result.
See Illustration and concise summary of resulting Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution at. http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution

Respectfully,

Paul Hollister
http://www.origin-of-universe.com/ contains complete manuscript of
Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory
by Paul Hollister, M.D.

CLICK TO LINK to sci.astro thread about Superlumninal Quasar Jets : The Beaming "Explaination" Appears Inadequate

REFERENCES AND ILLUSTRATIONS:

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE Observations of Superluminal Motion in the M87 Jet, The Astrophysical Journal, 520:621-626, 1999 August 1, J. A. Biretta , W. B. Sparks , and F. Macchetto Space Telescope Science Institute
CLICK TO LINK TO ARTICLE

M87 AS A RADIO GALAXY (7 January 1999 National Radio Astronomy Observatory Press Release). Astronomers discover spectacular structure in distant galaxy, Owen F.N. of NRAO, Eliek J.A. of STScI and Kassim N.E. of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (hyperlink of images) http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/~fowen/M87.html

What are Quasars made of? (sci.astro Feb 5, 2005)

2005-02-05T00:59:00.000+09:00

Newsgroups: sci.astro, sci.physics.particle, sci.physics.relativity
From: "Paul Hollister" - Find messages by this author
Date: Sat, 5 Feb 2005 14:59:43 +0900
Local: Sat, Feb 5 2005 12:59 am
Subject: Re: What are Quasars made of?

"Steve Willner" wrote in message news:41faa78f$1@cfanews.cfa.harvard.edu...
> In case anyone is confused, standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis models have hydrogen forming in the first several minutes after the big bang, along with deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4.

“Paul Hollister” wrote in response:

Within the context of the standard Big Bang model, wherein the nucleosynthesis of all hydrogen in the universe was completed within the first several minutes of universe existence, the wording “preexistence of hydrogen” applies specifically to the process and sequence of galaxy evolution. In the context of the single Big Bang Theory, all the hydrogen in the universe was in existence long before the appearance of the quasars and galaxies. In the context of this new “Ongoing Big-Bang” Theory of galaxy and universe evolution, the nucleosynthesis of hydrogen (baryonogenesis) occurs within the quasar and jettison of hydrogen in plasma form by the quasar results in the gradual growth and evolution of the galaxy. I think this new paradigm is worthy of consideration because the theory accounts for both quasar and galaxy evolution and fits the facts of what we see in the surrounding visible universe, including the relative abundances and distribution of the atomic elements.

This new paradigm defining the ignition of baryonogenesis (quark-gluon fusion into atomic nucleus of hydrogen) is based on a Gravity Implosion-Energy Explosion Model that, on a vastly larger scale, is similar to the gravitational process of stellar formation that results in thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. I have shown in theory how quark-gluon fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (baryonogenesis) can potentially occur within the supermassive density conditions of the quasar, and how the resulting jettison of hydrogen into surrounding space gives rise regionally to the entire Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution.

The following sequence summarizes the process of galaxy and universe evolution that is illustrated and defined in detail within the scientific treatise (See Illustration under Galaxy Evolution on home page at http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com):
1) Pre-Bang Universe composed of pre- and non-atomic particles is gravitationally in evidence as dark matter.
2) Gravitational collapse of pre- and non-atomic particles within this Pre-Bang Universe forms the supermassive gravitational density of the Quasar!
3) Thermo-particle fusion of quark-gluon plasma into baryons within the supermassive density of the quasar forms the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (similar to quark-gluon fusion into baryons in the original big bang theory).
4) “Ongoing Big-Bang” nucleosynthesis of hydrogen (comparable to ongoing thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in the stars) gathers as proton-electron plasma into an equatorial torus around the quasar’s axis of spin and is jettisoned into surrounding space as visible cosmic plasma jets.
5) This jettison of hydrogen as proton-electron plasma gradually encompasses the quasar with an enlarging hydrogen milieu in plasma, ionic, atomic and molecular form as it spreads into orbit in the cooler regions surrounding the quasar, and is further jettisoned beyond the gravitational grip of the quasar where it forms the vast regions of hydrogen observed in intergalactic space.
6) Continuous jettison of newly formed hydrogen from this “Ongoing Big-Bang” process gradually transforms the quasar (QSO) from a radio quasar into an enlarging Radio Galaxy.
7) Hydrogen gathers into nebulae that give birth to first-generation stars within the hydrogen rich region of the newly forming galaxy. Thermonuclear ignition of first-generation stars within this hydrogen-rich milieu becomes initially optically visible as an Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxy.
8) Ongoing jettison of hydrogen and continuous expanding star formation result in the formation and gradual growth in size and stellar age of the Elliptical Galaxy (E0 to E8 Edwin Hubble classification).
9) Thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium and the systematic process of stellar evolution leading to supernova explosions sequentially fuse atoms of higher atomic weight, which accounts for atomic evolution and gradual creation of the periodic table of atoms. Evolution of Hertzsprung-Russell mainstream sequence stars to hydrogen-core depleted red giants to supernova explosions all occurs within the regional space of each evolving galaxy.
10) The entire process of atomic and stellar co-evolution and resulting populations of stars (metal poor and metal rich populations of stars) evolve within the regional space of galaxy growth and evolution, which is defined in detail in the treatise as the Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution.
11) Continuous atomic-molecular formation and amassment within the circumnuclear torus around the quasar at galaxy center and visible dust formation within the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region surrounding the quasar remolds the enlarging galaxy from spherical to elliptical to spiral form, accounting for the growing size and increasing centrifugal mass of the rings, bars and spiral arms that form the Spiral Galaxy. (Sa to Sc and SBa to SBc Hubble Classification)
12) This Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution progresses from isolated Quasar to Radio Galaxy to Elliptical Galaxy to Spiral Galaxy as an uninterrupted continuum! This regional process of quasar birth and galaxy growth and evolution gives rise to the distribution of galaxy populations that are seen within the clusters and superclusters that form the Large Scale Structure of the Universe.

By looking at the quasars and evolution of the galaxies as an integrated process through this “Ongoing Big-Bang” perspective, the evolutionary relationship between Elliptical Galaxies and Spiral Galaxies unfolds clearly into view! This direct evolutionary relationship between Elliptical Galaxy and Spiral Galaxy morphogenesis has never before been recognized by the scientific world and is truly worth a look. Chapter 13 (Galaxy Evolution From Ellipse to Spiral: From Hydrogen to Helium to Dust and Us) shows how the transition from Elliptical to Spiral Galaxy morphology is a continuum of interrelated stages in a Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution!

CD Edition of the 340-page manuscript has been sent to three of your colleagues at Harvard University who are cited as references within the scientific treatise. Geller M. J., Huchra J. P., da Costa, L. A., Falco E. E., Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics: CfA Redshift Survey and mapping of large-scale structure of the universe (Chapter 18 - Large Scale Unified Structure of Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes).
As I want to be sure you receive this I've also send it by e-mail to the address you indicated with a reply-to address enclosed.

Respectfully,

Paul Hollister
http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com contains the complete manuscript of Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D.

What are Quasars made of? (sci.astro Jan 22, 2005)

2005-01-22T00:07:00.000+09:00

Newsgroups: sci.astro, sci.physics.particle, sci.physics.relativity
From: "Paul Hollister" - Find messages by this author
Date: Sat, 22 Jan 2005 14:07:50 +0900
Local: Sat,Jan 22 2005 12:07 am
Subject: Re: What are Quasars made of?

"Bill Hobba" wrote in message
> news:ijiId.128518$K7.53628@news-server.bigpond.net.au...
> Checked out your link. It stated: 'One of the greatest mysteries in the universe is the Origin of Hydrogen.'. Weinberg describes how it came about in his classic The First 3 Minutes. In what way is his explanation unsatisfactory?
> I found the following nice link about it -
> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/bbang.html. Now exactly what part do you consider a mystery?
> Bill

Paul Hollister wrote in response:
The widespread acceptance of the single Big Bang theory has profoundly affected the sequencing of events in the evolution of the universe. The a priori acceptance of the preexistence of hydrogen has also had a profound affect on scientific perceptions about galaxy evolution, such as the relative ages of elliptical and spiral galaxies. Although hydrogen in plasma, ionic, atomic and molecular form is clearly visible throughout all space-time regions of the universe, scientists have stopped asking, and stopped thinking, about where hydrogen comes from. The de facto acceptance of hydrogen preexistence has also created a dilemma in which huge pieces in the universe puzzle cannot be assembled into a seamless process that accounts for atomic, stellar and galaxy evolution. Which came first, for example, the galaxies or the stars? Nobody knows. Why did galaxies divergently evolve into elliptical and spiral morphology? Nobody knows. What are quasars made of and where did they come from? Nobody knows. Why are some quasars located outside of galaxies and other quasars consistently located in the nuclear center of galaxies? Nobody knows. Why are giant cosmic plasma jets (the most powerful exploding forces in the universe) exploding out of supermassive black holes (the greatest known gravitational densities in the universe) in quasars and active galactic nuclei throughout all regions of space-time in the surrounding universe? Nobody knows.

In what unfolds into an interesting story, I have come to realize that we are witnessing the “big bang” process of hydrogen nucleosynthesis right in front of our eyes, but the entire scientific world is blind to the significance of what they are seeing because they are locked to the limits of the Big Bang Theory and Space-Time Model of universe evolution.
Hydrogen is the only atom in the periodic table of atoms the origin of which remains a mystery. From hydrogen onward, it is scientifically well established that helium and atoms of higher atomic weight are formed by nuclear fusion within the stars. I have demonstrated that hydrogen is formed by an “Ongoing Big-Bang” process that is visibly in evidence within the supermassive “black hole” density inside each quasar and active galactic nucleus throughout the surrounding visible universe. From what is astoundingly clear physical evidence, I have demonstrated that each active galaxy materializes and grows from inside outward according to a consistent pattern of growth and evolution, which for the first time in history clearly defines the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution. From this dawn of realization, recognizing that galaxies grow from inside outward into their range of visible morphologies, I was able to assemble the array of galaxy forms into precisely aligned interrelated stages of galaxy growth and evolution. Through step-by-step analysis of galaxy structure, I was then able to assemble the stages of galaxy formation that clearly reveal the sequence of galaxy evolution, which extends as an uninterrupted continuum all the way from quasar to irregular blue dwarf to elliptical to spiral galaxy formation. This becomes readily evident when you realize that the explosive plasma jets and resulting massive clouds of radio-emitting particle mass issuing from quasars and active galactic nuclei are composed of hydrogen in plasma and ionic form.

Paul Hollister
http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com

Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution

2005-01-15T19:03:00.000+09:00

Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution

Galaxy birth, growth and evolution are the result of Ongoing “Big-Bang” nucleosynthesis of Hydrogen within the Quasar. The Quasar produces Hydrogen. Hydrogen forms the Stars. The Stars through nuclear fusion sequentially form atoms of higher atomic weight in the periodic table of atoms. Atomic-Molecular interaction and amassment form clearly visible magnitudes of intragalactic dust that morphologically transforms the shape of the evolving galaxy from elliptical to spiral.

I discovered that the evolution of the galaxy can be followed as it unfolds step-by-step by following the outward movement of hydrogen as plasma jets from the quasar and its “supermassive black hole” at galaxy center (Ongoing “Big-Bang” synthesis of Hydrogen), then following the regional distribution of Hydrogen in plasma, ionic (H+), atomic (H0) and molecular (H2) form within the pre-stellar space of the Radio Galaxy (Hydrogen Evolution), then following the gradual thermonuclear birth of the stars as they gather in clusters in increasing numbers whereby irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxies are optically born and grow in size into homogeneous Elliptical Galaxies (Stellar Evolution), then following the formation and centrifugal distribution of intragalactic atomic-molecular dust that transforms the galaxy from Elliptical to Spiral morphology (Atomic-Molecular Evolution).The birth, growth and evolution of the galaxy, and its morphological metamorphosis from quasar to radio galaxy to elliptical galaxy to spiral galaxy, occur as an uninterrupted continuum. The myriad of quasars and galaxy forms we see in surrounding intergalactic space are snapshots of this continuous process of galaxy formation and evolution. By precisely aligning the stages of this process, I have been able to unveil and define the entire process of galaxy growth and evolution.

Letter to The First 100

2005-01-03T11:00:00.000+09:00

Paul Hollister, M.D.
January 1, 2005

Dear Dr [Individually addressed to The First 100]

In a manner comparable to Darwin’s Origin of Species, I have scientifically clearly defined the origin and evolution of the galaxies and universe. This is an entirely new paradigm that is going to revolutionize scientific thinking about the origin of hydrogen in the universe and the stepwise process of galaxy evolution! For the reason described below, I am sending you a copy of my scientific treatise entitled --- Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory.

Presently, the majority of the scientific world adheres to the theory that the entire physical universe began from a single Big Bang, which is said to have occurred 10 to 20 billion years ago. As a consequence, everybody assumes that all the hydrogen in the universe was created fait accompli at the time of the Big Bang. There are 100 billion galaxies in the surrounding universe within reach of modern telescopes. Galaxies contain an average of 100 billion stars. Hydrogen, from which the stars are formed, comprises over 70% of the atomic composition of all matter in the galaxies and universe. According to the original Big Bang Theory, all the hydrogen in the universe was formed within the first minutes of the Big Bang. As hard as this is to imagine in physical terms, this is what the scientific world of today holds in mind as the origin of all hydrogen in the universe.

The widespread acceptance of the single Big Bang theory has profoundly affected the sequencing of events in the evolution of the universe. The a priori acceptance of the preexistence of hydrogen has also had a profound affect on scientific perceptions about galaxy evolution, such as the relative ages of elliptical and spiral galaxies. Although hydrogen in plasma, ionic, atomic and molecular form is clearly visible throughout all space-time regions of the universe, scientists have stopped asking, and stopped thinking, about where hydrogen comes from. The de facto acceptance of hydrogen preexistence has also created a dilemma in which huge pieces in the universe puzzle cannot be assembled into a seamless process that accounts for atomic, stellar and galaxy evolution. Which came first, for example, the galaxies or the stars? Nobody knows. Why did galaxies divergently evolve into elliptical and spiral morphology? Nobody knows. What are quasars made of and where did they come from? Nobody knows. Why are some quasars located outside of galaxies and other quasars consistently located in the nuclear center of galaxies? Nobody knows. Why are giant cosmic plasma jets (the most powerful exploding forces in the universe) exploding out of supermassive black holes (the greatest known gravitational densities in the universe) in quasars and active galactic nuclei throughout all regions of space-time in the surrounding universe? Nobody knows.

In what unfolds into an interesting story, I have come to realize that we are witnessing the “big bang” process of hydrogen nucleosynthesis right in front of our eyes, but the entire scientific world is blind to the significance of what they are seeing because they are locked to the limits of the Big Bang Theory and Space-Time Model of universe evolution.

Hydrogen is the only atom in the periodic table of atoms the origin of which remains a mystery. From hydrogen onward, it is scientifically well established that helium and atoms of higher atomic weight are formed by nuclear fusion within the stars. I have demonstrated that hydrogen is formed by an “Ongoing Big-Bang” process that is visibly in evidence within the supermassive “black hole” density inside each quasar and active galactic nucleus throughout the surrounding visible universe. From what is astoundingly clear physical evidence, I have demonstrated that each active galaxy materializes and grows from inside outward according to a consistent pattern of growth and evolution, which for the first time in history clearly defines the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution. From this dawn of realization, recognizing that galaxies grow from inside outward into their range of visible morphologies, I was able to assemble the array of galaxy forms into precisely aligned interrelated stages of galaxy growth and evolution. Through step-by-step analysis of galaxy structure, I was then able to assemble the stages of galaxy formation that clearly reveal the sequence of galaxy evolution, which extends as an uninterrupted continuum all the way from quasar to irregular blue dwarf to elliptical to spiral galaxy formation. This becomes readily evident when you realize that the explosive plasma jets and resulting massive clouds of radio-emitting particle mass issuing from quasars and active galactic nuclei are composed of hydrogen in plasma and ionic form.

Once you realize that it is a physically evident fact that hydrogen is exploding into nuclear existence in the center of every active galaxy, a landslide of insight follows by which the pieces of the universe puzzle assemble into a very clear picture of galaxy and universe evolution. This journey of discovery was like an adventure in enlightenment. The universe did not magically arise from a single Big Bang! There are over 100 million visible Big Bangs within Hubble and Chandra telescopic reach of Planet Earth! This means the Pre-Bang Universe that gave rise to the supermassive density of Big-Bang ignition and Post-Bang Universe that resulted from the Ongoing Big-Bang process of hydrogen nucleosynthesis both coexist throughout the space of the surrounding visible universe! By geometrically aligning the magnitudes of spinning mass that form the intrinsic structure of the universe (---Galaxies---Stars---Atoms---Particles---) on the inside-outside axis of a newly defined 4th spatial dimension, I developed an entirely new paradigm for galaxy and physical universe evolution, a Gravity Implosion---Energy Explosion Model wherein both the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe are rendered fully accessible to scientific comprehension and exploration. I have demonstrated that the quasar is the site of the ongoing Big-Bang process that forms all hydrogen in the universe. I have demonstrated how the quasar’s cosmic plasma jets saturate surrounding regional space with hydrogen, which accumulates into nebulae, which give birth to the stars, which through local gravitational collapse and thermonuclear ignition is the process that gives rise to the optical galaxy. The entire sequence of atomic and stellar coevolution thereby occurs within the space and lifecycle of each galaxy. I have shown how this ongoing Big-Bang process of hydrogen production causes the galaxy to grow in atomic and stellar mass, how stellar evolution therein sequentially gives rise to atoms of higher atomic weight and regional formation and distribution of both population I and population II stars within the growing galaxy, and how progressive atomic molecular amassment of galaxy dust within visible rings, bars and spiral arms gradually molds and transforms the galaxy from irregular blue dwarf beginning to elliptical and spiral stages of galaxy evolution.

The galaxies have grown individually from inside outward from an ongoing Big-Bang process that is visibly exploding into evidence within quasars and active galactic nuclei throughout all regions of space-time! This is a turning point in scientific understanding of the Big-Bang process! The Big Bang is not a momentary explosion. The Big Bang is a threshold point in an ongoing process of particle fusion into atomic hydrogen that is visibly exploding into existence in front of our eyes, a particle fusion process that occurs in the supermassive “black hole” density within each quasar and nuclear center of each active galaxy. After solving one of the most challenging scientific mysteries of our time by defining the lifecycle and mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution, I was then able to scientifically define and clearly map the relationship between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe throughout all regions of the surrounding visible universe.

When the scientific community realizes that the universe has evolved galaxy by galaxy from an Ongoing Big-Bang process that is visibly in evidence in every quasar and active galactic nucleus throughout the surrounding universe, there is going to be a renaissance in scientific understanding about the Origin and Evolution of the Universe. However, as this is an entirely new paradigm, how can I present this theory in such a way that the scientific insights and evidence contained herein can reach a threshold of awareness within the scientific world? Should I write a letter to Dr. Stephen Hawking and describe my observations and the evidence supporting my conclusions? Should I write a letter to 100 renowned astrophysicists describing this new paradigm of scientific discovery? Should I create a web site announcing this discovery to the scientific world? Should I write to newsgroups and inform them of this enormously important scientific theory? Should I write a book using easy to comprehend illustrations and terminology and thereby begin a process of enlightenment about the origin and evolution of the galaxies that can be understood by a wide range of educated interest in the world? What is the best way to bring this awesome realization within the reach of collective human knowledge and individuated understanding? These are the questions I struggled with ever since January 1999 when I began my letter to Dr. Hawking describing the inside-outside axis of this newly discovered 4th spatial dimension and the evidence I have seen for an Ongoing Big-Bang origin of hydrogen and galaxy evolution.

I have written to Dr. Stephen Hawking. I am writing to 100 renowned astrophysicists. I have started an educational web site (www.Origin-of-Universe.com) that contains the entire scientific manuscript. I have written the scientific treatise using a level of language and style that can be readily understood by the average educated reader. And as soon as I finish this letter and have sent it to each of The First 100, I will begin to introduce this Ongoing Big-Bang Theory of Evolution to appropriate scientific newsgroups.

As this directly pertains to your area of expertise, you are one of The First 100 to whom I am sending the complete manuscript of my scientific treatise entitled, Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory. It is my hope that within The First 100 recipients, this theory will ignite the realization that the universe did not magically begin from a single Big Bang, that the Quasar is the site of an ongoing Big-Bang process of hydrogen production that results in the gradual growth and evolution of the galaxy, that this process is definable as a Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution, and that both the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe are in evidence and fully within the range and reach of scientific intelligence and investigative potential right now.

I have enclosed the Title Page Concept Diagram, Table of Contents and Chapter 1 Introduction which will give you a concise overview of this scientific treatise. The complete manuscript of Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory is contained as a viewable and printable file within the enclosed CD. The CD contains the web site www.Origin-of-Universe.com plus the complete manuscript of the theory. This CD is configured to automatically open the Home page when it is inserted in the CD-ROM drive, using autorun in Microsoft Windows/Internet Explorer. (If the Home page doesn't open automatically in your browser, double click index.htm in the CD file system to open the Home page). Under the headline on the Home page (For the first time in the history of science, this treatise unveils and defines the Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution!), there are two download buttons marked CLICK and OPEN. The golden CLICK button downloads the Title Page Concept Diagram, Table of Contents and Chapter 1 Introduction, which you have in hand. The blue button labeled OPEN opens the complete manuscript of Origin and Evolution of the Universe in a separate window. This window is only contained in The First 100 CD Edition of the website, which is the enclosed CD. The file contains the page-numbered edition of the manuscript that has been written for publication.

A new theory is more than just a book. A new theory takes root and thrives through the creative intelligence of the right people in the right places. In hopes of reaching the scientific community who can interactively communicate, collaborate and investigate the potential of this new scientific theory, I have selected The First 100 based on their specific areas of scientific expertise and interest. As an example, as a major breakthrough in this theory was the recognition of ongoing synthesis and jettison of hydrogen from the quasar and the relationship of this Ongoing Big-Bang process to radio galaxy evolution, The First 100 includes radio astronomers from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) and planners for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). As this theory extends as a continuum from quark-gluon particle fusion of hydrogen to galaxy evolution to the formation of large scale structure, integrating the regions of the Theory of Relativity, Quantum Theory and Superstring Theory into a Unified Scientific Theory, The First 100 includes astrophysicists interested in the Large Scale Structure of the Universe, including members of the recently completed 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey.

I believe the scientific insights and evidence contained in this treatise are going to be a historical turning point in scientific understanding of the origin and evolution of the galaxies and universe. It is my hope that through these 100 spheres of influence (The First 100) within the academic and scientific world, the world can begin to awaken to the realization that the entire universe did not arise from a single Big Bang. The universe has gradually evolved galaxy by galaxy from a very visible ongoing Big-Bang process of hydrogen production within every quasar and active galactic nucleus throughout the surrounding visible universe.

I will be grateful if you will let me know that my scientific theory has safely reached your hands by either sending an e-mail to Paul.Hollister@origin-of-universe.com or using the Feedback to Author form located in the Author’s Window and at the bottom of each page in the web site. Any time you use the Feedback to Author form please check The First 100 box, which highlights your message for me as highest priority. The enclosed introductory chapter and the information on the home page of Origin-of-Universe will give you a concise overview of the theory. I would very much like to know what you think of this theory.

Thank you very much for your time and interest.

Sincerely yours,

Paul Hollister, M.D.

Attachments:
1. Title Page, Table of Contents and Chapter 1 Introduction from Origin and Evolution of the Universe
2. List of First 100
3. CD Edition of Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D. (complete page-numbered manuscript)
4. CD copy of Origin-of-Universe Web Site (www.Origin-of-Universe.com)

Origin and Evolution of the Universe web site

2005-01-01T00:45:00.000+09:00

Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory
by Paul Hollister, M.D.
complete manuscript online at http://www.origin-of-universe.com/

Letter to Dr Hawking

2003-04-02T10:00:00.000+09:00

Paul Hollister, M.D.
April 2, 2003

Stephen Hawking, Ph.D.
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics
University of Cambridge, Centre for Mathematical Sciences

Dear Dr. Hawking,

I have discovered a 4th spatial dimension.
On an inside-outside axis throughout the physical universe, there is a 4th spatial dimension of depth.
By geometrically aligning the various magnitudes of spinning mass that form the structure of the universe (--Stars--Atoms--Particles--) on the inside-outside axis of this 4th spatial dimension, I have come to realize that not only does the periodic table of atoms have mathematical periodicity but all magnitudes of spinning mass in the universe have periodicity that systematically arranges itself into a Spectrum of Magnitudes, a spectrum of mass magnitudes that corresponds proportionately to the Spectrum of Energy and Forces in nature. And I have discovered that when the constituent magnitudes of mass in the universe are realigned on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension (in simultaneous time so that Time is removed as a variable), the 4-spatial dimensional structure of the physical universe becomes readily evident as it actually is: The entire physical universe consists of 4 spatial dimensions wherein all magnitudes of spinning mass are arrayed and arranged in a mathematical matrix (3-dimensional Space-Space Continuum) that consists of 3-dimensional universes within universes within universes that are structurally layered on the inside-outside axis of a 4th spatial dimension within which they all occupy the same sphere of universal space to the full, simultaneously.

Based upon this vision of the Spectrum of Magnitudes, I have geometrically defined the Spectrum of Magnitudes on a single axis line of the 4th spatial dimension, have geometrically defined and elucidated the 4-dimensional composite and component structural nature of the universe (with the “4th dimension” of motion and movement called Time removed as a variable), have reformulated the Space-Time Model of the Big Bang into a Gravity Implosion--Energy Explosion Model in which both sides of the equation comply with the laws of physical science and thereby both the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe are rendered fully accessible to scientific comprehension and investigation, have shown how the Big-Bang threshold of this Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion process is the fundamental pattern of galaxy and physical universe evolution which unveils the origin as well as the results of the Big Bang, have formulated a theory of galaxy-by-galaxy birth, growth and evolution of the physical universe based upon the “Big Bang” being a recurring and ongoing process that is physically located within the “supermassive black hole” center of each active galaxy, have added a new perspective for the 4th spatial dimensional significance of black holes which makes it possible for science to move beyond the blinding limits of their event horizon, have assembled evidence that clearly demonstrates that each and every cosmic plasma jet issuing out of the “supermassive black holes” in quasars and active galactic nuclei in every space-time region of the physical universe are in fact an ongoing “Big Bang” exploding outward right in front of our eyes, have therefrom shown through evidence that each galaxy materializes and grows from inside outward from the ongoing Big-Bang process that is physically located within its supermassive black hole center, have furthermore demonstrated through evidence that the mainstream sequence of galaxy growth and evolution progresses in an uninterrupted continuum of evolutionary stages from quasar to irregular blue dwarf galaxy to elliptical galaxy to spiral galaxy and thereby have defined the entire lifecycle of the galaxy from origin to fully evolved present form, have shown how the large scale structure of the physical universe has as a result grown and evolved from inside outward in cell-like Units of Pattern consisting of superclusters of galaxies surrounding “Voids of Space” that are in effect windows into the Pre-Bang Universe, have geometrically conceptualized and defined the evolutionary structure of the Cosmos as a whole and all of its Universes in 4 spatial dimensions as depicted on the frontispiece of this treatise you have in hand, and through the integration of this Spectrum of Magnitudes theory on both a Macrocosmic and Microcosmic level have formulated a unified scientific theory that encompasses the Origin and Evolution of the Universes.

Dr. Hawking, my life has taken a strange turn and carried me on a long Journey. The result is this scientific treatise you now have in hand. In the dawn of 1999, while I was working on another project, I had a Vision: a synthesis of the pattern of elements I had been working on for many years that, like a supersaturated solution, crystallized into realization that the entire universe and everything in it is composed of not just 3- but 4-spatial dimensions. This realization of a 4th spatial dimension of depth throughout the structure of the universe seemed of such enormous relevant significance that I felt I had to find some way to get this insight into human consciousness.
But how? How could I, a physician, present this insight to the scientific community? People would think I was insane!
As I with awe was trying to explain this Vision to my wife Masako--that Stars are made of Atoms, and Atoms are made of Particles, and on an inside-outside axis this forms a 4th spatial dimension of depth within the physical universe, and drew a diagram of a Whirling Sine Wave

---Stars---Atoms---Particles---

and tried to explain how the composite and component composition of each star defines an inside-outside axis that is a 4th spatial dimension that has never before been seen by science, which means that you and I and the entire physical universe are made of not just 3- but 4-spatial dimensions, she looked at me with weary eyes and said, “Why don’t you write to Dr. Hawking? No one in the world understands the universe better than Dr. Hawking.” Crestfallen by her closure of this fascinating conversation, I returned to my little room with this expanding solved puzzle rupturing like a—Big Bang—in the tiny brace of my little mind. And when I reached the top of the stairs, the wisdom of what the innocent heart of Masako said started to sink deeper. If this is as true as I think it is, at least I would have told the one person in the world who could judge the matter and make it known. I picked up a pen and with trembling hand on a stark white empty page began

--Dear Dr. Hawking--

Never did I realize I was embarking upon a Journey that would consume my life for the next 4 years. I thought I could frame and define this 4th spatial dimension of depth in a letter to you in two weeks, and then return to the impelling project that had precipitated this whole insight, but the weeks turned into months, and seasons, and years, because everywhere I looked--from galaxies to stars to atoms to particles--the pieces fell together and the picture was complete.
And here I am, concluding the letter I began to a very great man I have never met about a very strange Vision, just as Masako suggested, so very long ago.

All during the Journey of this treatise--which extends from gravitational collapse of pre-atomic particles within a Pre-Bang Universe, to formation of a supermassive gravitational density (“supermassive black hole”) within each newborn quasar, to thermo-particle ignition of an ongoing Big-Bang process of quark-gluon fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (threshold of Big-Bang particle fusion analogous to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in visible stars), to generation of an equatorial torus and cosmic plasma jets of hydrogen in plasma form from the most brilliant burning orb in the universe, to flooding optically dark radio-loud galaxy space with vast atmospheres of hydrogen in plasma, ionic, atomic and molecular form, to electromagnetic coupling of ionic hydrogen into atomic and molecular hydrogen atmospheres in the cooler peripheral HI and HII regions of hydrogen-rich galaxy space, to gravitational collapse of first-generation stars within optically visible regions of irregular blue dwarf galaxies, to progressive hydrogen-jettisoned growth and evolution of each irregular blue dwarf galaxy into Hubble E0 to E7 elliptical galaxy form, to equatorial torus formation of active galactic nucleus (AGN) evolution of metal-rich stars and systematic sequence of stellar evolution in the periphery of the galaxy, to the sequential fusion of atoms of higher atomic weight within the AGN region culminating in the formation of massive visible galaxy dust that grows in centrifugal might from circumnuclear rings to bars and spiral arms of outward migrating mass, to the centrifugal reshaping of the galaxy from spherical to elliptical to spiral form, to solar-system planetary evolution within the spiral plane of spiral galaxies, to atomic-molecular evolution into DNA and organic living cells, to the evolution of the species and organic birth of the Microcosm of Man on Planet Earth--I have continually had an overwhelming impression about the nature and significance of Galaxy Birth, Growth and Evolution: This is the Holy Grail and it is filled to the Brim!

As an overview, I have enclosed illustrations and corresponding text from selected pages of the enclosed book that unfolds a picture of the theme and range of content contained within this theory. I hope this introduction captures your interest sufficiently to draw you into reading the enclosed scientific treatise: Origin and Evolution of the Universes, a Unified Scientific Theory. For herein, as an abiding inspiration throughout the whole of this Journey, though unbeknown to you, you have been with me every step of the way.

I am at this time submitting a letter of inquiry with the first two chapters of the completed book (Introduction and Macrocosmic and Microcosmic Perspective) and selective introductory illustrations and text to a number of large publishing houses for consideration. If after thoughtful perusal, you think this new scientific insight about the 4-spatial dimensional nature of the universe and galaxy-based unfoldment of physical universe evolution is worthy of serious scientific reflection, I wonder if you would be willing to consider writing an introduction to the first published edition of the theory you have before you.
Trusting that this letter and copyrighted manuscript will safely reach your hands, I have copied this Letter to Dr. Hawking with attachments and the complete manuscript of my book---Origin and Evolution of the Universes, a Unified Scientific Theory---on CD-ROM for viewing convenience.
If, for whatever reason, you do not feel it would be suitable for you to write an introduction for this treatise, I want to thank you for taking the time to read this letter and extend my warmest personal regards to you for the inspiring influence you have had upon me and the tremendous contribution you are making for the scientific enlightenment of our world.

Very Respectfully Yours,

Paul Hollister, M.D.